“…In prior studies related to teachers' lifelong learning competence, both organization-and individual-level factors affect lifelong learning competence. First, among individual-level variables that affect lifelong learning competence, adult learners' gender, age, academic background, and lifelong learning experience affect their participation in lifelong learn-ing activities and lifelong learning competence (Kim et al, 2014;Lee, Jo, & Yun, 2017;Lim, 2016). In addition, teachers' teaching careers influences their core teaching competence (Y. S. Lee, Choi, & Jang, 2009), learning motivation is the most important factor for individual learning (Kim, Kim, & Kang, 2009), and lifelong learning motivation influences lifelong learning competence through empowerment (Lee, Hu, Park, & Lee, 2017).…”