The Effects of Estrogen on Indices of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Damage after Eccentric Exercise in Postmenopausal Women

Dobridge, Jennifer D.; Hackney, Anthony C.

doi:10.1023/b:hump.0000036343.54390.0f

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Postmenopausal women's results showed time-point differences in muscle damage markers postexercise, especially CK, myoglobin, and muscle soreness, which is in accordance with previous studies despite the wide variety of exercise protocols, training status of participants from sedentary to active or well-trained, together with the use or not of HRT. 2,8,11,12 This postexercise response was similar between postmenopausal and eumenorrheic women and is in agreement with a previous study comparing postmenopausal women not using HRT and eumenorrheic women. 8 This might indicate that activity level may be an important factor affecting the ability to repair and adapt to muscle damage despite age and sex hormonal environment, which is in agreement with previous research reporting the response of myogenic gene expression to resistance exercise in older women to be similar to that of young women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…11 Accordingly, previous research on untrained postmenopausal women showed lower EIMD and improvements in strength after using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). 11,15 However, when women were well trained, no differences in EIMD were observed between either postmenopausal users and nonusers of HRT, 12 or between postmenopausal and premenopausal women. 8 This may indicate that exercise could attenuate the loss of muscle function and quality in postmenopausal women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The ovarian hormones have reported to be connected with skeletal muscle because the skeletal muscle is the largest tissue containing estrogen receptors. 15,29 In this sense, it has also been suggested that estrogens present membrane-stabilizing characteristics 12 derived from their structure and present certain resemblance to antioxidants. Hence, estrogens may preserve skeletal muscle function by playing a protective role in preventing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and by limiting the subsequent inflammation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Postmenopausal Well-Trained Women

Romero-Parra

Maestre-Cascales

Marín-Jiménez

et al. 2021

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Background: Sex hormone deprivation derived from menopause may affect exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). No studies have previously evaluated this response between postmpenopausal and premenopausal eumenorrheic women over the menstrual cycle. Hypothesis: Postmenopausal women will present higher EIMD markers than premenopausal women, especially in comparison with the menstrual cycle phases where sex hormone concentrations are higher. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Thirteen postmenopausal and 19 eumenorrheic women, all of them resistance-trained, performed an eccentric squat-based exercise. The postmenopausal group performed 1 bout of exercise, while the eumenorrheic group performed 3 bouts coinciding with the early follicular, late follicular, and mid-luteal phases ot their menstrual cycle. Muscle soreness, countermovement jump, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein were evaluated before and postexercise. Results: The expected differences in sex hormones were observed between groups ( P < 0.001) according to their reproductive status. Postexercise increases in CK, myoglobin, and muscle soreness (168.2 ± 45.5 U/L, 123.1 ± 41.5 µg/L, and 20.7 ± 21.3 mm, respectively) were observed in comparison with baseline (136.2 ± 45.5 U/L, 76.9 ± 13.8 µg/L, and 2.7 ± 4.2 mm, respectively). Myoglobin values at baseline in postmenopausal women were higher compared with premenopausal women in the aforementioned menstrual cycle phases, respectively (62.8 ± 8.2, 60.4 ± 7.2, and 60.1 ± 10.6 µg/L; P < 0.001 for all comparisons), which was supported by large effect sizes (0.72-1.08 standardized d units). No postexercise differences were observed between groups in any markers ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite higher resting levels of myoglobin and lower strength values in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, EIMD was similar between both reproductive profiles. This suggests a potential benefit of being physically active despite aging and sex hormone deprivation. Clinical Relevance: Sex hormone deprivation derived from menopause seems not to influence muscle damage reponse to eccentric exercise in resistance-trained postmenopausal women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Postmenopausal Well-Trained Women

Romero-Parra

Maestre-Cascales

Marín-Jiménez

et al. 2021

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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“… a Decrease (% from baseline) in isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of knee extensors after downhill running (DR); b increase (% from baseline) in blood (plasma and serum) creatine kinase (CK) concentration after DR; c delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) response (0–100 mm evaluated on visual analogue scale) for knee extensors after DR. Based on data from original research articles reporting isometric MVC force/torque decrements ( n = 37; [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 15 , 38 , 43 , 58 – 87 ]), blood CK elevation ( n = 83; [ 14 , 16 , 38 , 40 – 42 , 44 , 46 , 50 , 59 – 62 , 65 – 67 , 70 , 72 – 75 , 77 , 80 , 81 , 84 , 85 , 87 – 90 , 92 , 121 , 134 – 183 ]) and DOMS ( n = 23; [ 8 , 15 , 38 , 58 , 60 , 66 , 71 , 75 , 84 , 89 , 135 , 151 , 156 , 159 , 171 , 178 , 179 , 182 , 184 – 188 ]) responses immediately post-, 24 h post-, 48 h post-, 72 h post- and 96 h ...…”

Section: Muscular Alterations Following Downhill Runningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 44, 46, 50, 59-62, 65-67, 70, 72-75, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87-90, 92, 121, 134-183] and DOMS[8,15,38,58,60,66,71,75,84,89,135,151,156,159,171,178,179,182,[184][185][186][187][188] peak from 24 to 48 h post-DR. Immediately post DR, a greater reduction in isometric MVC force/torque is observed in untrained (mean: − 23.5%; 95% CI: [− 26.9% to − 17.2%] compared to trained populations (− 16.4%; 95% CI: [ − 19.5% to -12.3%]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were − 12% (− 15%; − 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h−1 (9.8 km h−1; 12.9 km h−1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.

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Exercise on cytokine responses in males and females: Effect of leucine, HMB and BCAA

Brown

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Tee

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose: To identify the effects of leucine, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) on post-exercise cytokine responses in females and males. Methods: Males (n=53) and females (n=37) completed 100 drop jumps and consumed either no supplement, leucine (3g/d), HMB (3g/d) or BCAA (4.5g/d) from 1d pre to 14d post-exercise. Muscle soreness, squat jumps, chair rises and creatine kinase (CK) were measured at pre, post, 24h, 48h, 7 and 14d. Blood lactate (pre, post), 10 cytokines (pre, 24h, 48h, 7d) and oestradiol (pre, 7d) were also measured. Results: Without supplementation post-exercise, soreness was induced in both males (6-fold) and females (5-fold). With supplementation, there were no increases in CK or oestradiol in females and no impact on muscle soreness, performance, or function in both sexes. In males, CK was elevated in untreated (48%) and leucine (69%) conditions vs baseline, but these were suppressed with HMB and BCAA. IL-7 was elevated in females vs males at baseline (6.3-fold), leucine increased IL-7 concentrations in females at 24h (17.0-fold), 48h (5.1-fold) vs males. With HMB, TNFr1-α increased in females at 24h (2.2-fold), 48h (2.3-fold) and 7d (2.3-fold) vs males. In males with BCAA, TNFr1-α decreased (P=0.06) from pre to 24h (6.8-fold), then increased (P<0.05) from 24 to 48h (8.0-fold). Conclusion: Although supplements were without effect on soreness following exercise, the cytokine response was evoked by exercise and impacted significantly by leucine, HMB and BCAA in females vs males. This improved cytokine response in females could lead to improved resistance to damage.

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The Effects of Estrogen on Indices of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Damage after Eccentric Exercise in Postmenopausal Women

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Postmenopausal Well-Trained Women

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Postmenopausal Well-Trained Women

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

Exercise on cytokine responses in males and females: Effect of leucine, HMB and BCAA

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