The effects of feeding frequency of concentrates and feeding sequence of hay on eating behavior, ruminal environment and milk production in dairy cows

Macleod, G.K.; Colucci, P. E.; Moore, Andrew D.; Grieve, D.G.; Lewis, N. J.

doi:10.4141/cjas94-016

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This may have increased the resistance of PDE in HG samples to freezing damage. Osmolarity of ruminal fluid could differ between animals fed different proportions of concentrate (Teller et al 1989;Macleod et al 1994) and may also be a factor in determining the different responses to freezing observed with lysozyme-treated samples from HF-and HG-fed cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents

Hristov¹,

McAllister²,

Cheng³

1999

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 1999. Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 73-81. Three procedures for extracting polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (PDE) from ruminal contents were compared, and the effects of diet, inoculum preparation and freezing of samples on recovery of enzyme activities were evaluated. Four nonlactating cows and four heifers were fed either high-forage (83%, dry matter [DM] basis) or high-grain (91%, DM basis) diets. Three sample types, (1) enriched ruminal fluid; (2) blended enriched ruminal fluid; and (3) whole ruminal content, were analyzed fresh or after having been frozen (-40°C) for 48 h. Four cell-free preparations of each sample type were assayed: (1) control (no enzyme extraction); and enzymes extracted by (2) sonication; (3) lysozyme; and (4) lysozyme + EDTA. Animals fed a high-grain diet had lower carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase but higher amylase activities in the rumen. Blending ruminal solids with buffer and combining the filtrate with cheesecloth-filtered ruminal fluid produced higher polysaccharide-degrading activities per unit of DM compared with whole ruminal contents. In lysozyme treatments, freezing inactivated from 22 (amylase) to 52% (xylanase) of the enzyme activities measured in fresh ruminal fluid. Lysozyme treatment resulted in the highest enzyme recovery (from fresh ruminal fluid) of the extraction methods tested. With frozen samples, sonication and lysozyme gave similar results. If a large number of ruminal content samples are to be processed for PDE activities, freezing and subsequent sonication appear to be a practical alternative to extraction by lysozyme. Le passage au mixer des matières solides ruminales tamponnées et leur combinaison avec le filtrat ruminal donnaient lieu à des activités de dégradation des polysaccharides plus fortes par unité de m.s. que le contenu ruminal entier. Dans les traitements avec la lysozyme, la surgélation inactivait, de 22 % dans le cas de l'amylase, à 52 % dans celui de la xylanase, les activités enzymatiques dans le liquide ruminal frais. De toutes les méthodes d'extraction comparées, c'est le traitement avec la lysozyme qui produisait la récupération enzymatique la plus forte (à partir de liquide ruminal frais). Mais quand on utilisait des échantillons surgelés, la sonication et le traitement avec la lysozyme donnaient des résultats comparables. Si l'on doit préparer un grand nombre de prélèvements du contenu ruminal pour la mesure des activités EPD, la surgélation suivie de sonication apparaît comme une alternative pratique à l'extraction par la lysozyme.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents

Hristov¹,

McAllister²,

Cheng³

1999

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Kaufmann et al (1980) followed the effect of feeding concentrates on pH values, concentration of volatile fatty acids and milk performance. McLeod et al (1994) studied two different frequencies of feeding hay before and after feeding concentrates. Coherence among feeding frequencies, width of the feeding space at the manger and the number of animals per group was reported by DoleÏal (1998).…”

Section: Dairy Cows Feeding Frequency Dmi Milk Yield Physiologicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Feeding Frequency Employing Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on Dry Matter Intake and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows During the Winter

Kudrna¹

2003

Acta Vet. Brno

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Kudrna V.: Effect of Different Feeding Frequency Employing Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on Dry Matter Intake and Milk Yield in Dairy CowsThe aim of the study was to study the effects of changes in feeding frequency of TMR (2 -1 -2 times a day) on milk yield and milk composition, feed and nutrient consumption, selected parameters of rumen liquid and rumination intensity (length and number of rumination periods). No significant differences in performance, rumen fluid indices and rate of rumination were detected. Similarly, differences in dry matter intake (819.2 g/head/day) were non-significant (P > 0.05). Results of the periodical experiment with 13 dairy cows fed once a day ad libitum during the winter season have shown that in stables with adequate conditions (capacity of feeding troughs, availability of feeds etc.) TMR to dairy cows may be fed once a day during the winter season without any unfavourable impact either on performance or health state of dairy cows, and the same milk yield as with feeding twice-a-day can be obtained. Dairy cows, feeding frequency, DMI, milk yield, physiological indicesOptimum nutrition of dairy cows is the basic prerequisite for maintenance of their good health and full use of their milk yield capacity. The function of the digestive tract and utilization of feeds is also influenced by the feeding technique, among others by the feeding frequency during the day. It is a common practise to feed dairy cows twice a day. This fact contradicts the opinion that the more frequent feeding the higher the dry matter intake. However, there is also a conflict with the theory, that it is economically more advantageous to feed at minimal frequency and, in this way, to enhance labour productivity. The question of the feeding frequency of concentrates but also of TMR is still being solved. Especially the frequency of feeding concentrates, namely the dry matter intake (DMI), milk performance and indices of digestion in rumen have been studied. G ill and Castle (1983) compared the effect of feeding a protein concentrate twice, four times and 22 times during the 24-hr period. Feeding frequencies were not influenced by offering the feed at abovementioned intervals. Feed consumption, milk yield or live weight of dairy cows were not subject to changes. More frequent feeding increased milk fat concentration but the time of feeding and rumination was not affected. Kaufmann et al. (1980) followed the effect of feeding concentrates on pH values, concentration of volatile fatty acids and milk performance. McLeod et al. (1994) studied two different frequencies of feeding hay before and after feeding concentrates. Coherence among feeding frequencies, width of the feeding space at the manger and the number of animals per group was reported by DoleÏal (1998). Physiological problems as consequences of low concentrate feeding frequencies have been solved partly by using automatic feeding systems that dose the concentrates in feeding boxes and partly by using mixed feeding rations (TMR). A result of several por...

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“…The utility of this variable is impaired because it carries limited information (it expresses the extent of pH variation without detecting its trend). Various authors mention differences between pH values or use the concept of pH fluctuations in commentaries (Malestein et al, 1984;MacLeod et al, 1994;Pitt and Pell, 1997) but these were not translated into explicit quantitative pH variables.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of 0 to 8 h post-prandial evolution of ruminal pH

Dragomir

Sauvant

Peyraud

et al. 2008

Animal

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The objective of this study was to identify relevant descriptors of ruminal pH post-prandial evolution that can replace the mean pH (considered unsatisfactory). These descriptors are to be used in the attempts to predict ruminal pH from dietary characteristics, in order to quantify the potential of a diet to induce subacute ruminal acidosis from its intrinsic characteristics. A total of 219 pH curves, reported as graphics in 48 published articles describing the post-prandial evolution of ruminal pH (first 8 h), were digitized by image analysis then summarized in 15 pH variables. Relationships among pH variables and the principal components (PCs) of pH variability were analyzed in order to identify possible alternatives to mean pH, as the average value of all pH data the curve is composed of. Two groups of pH variables were identified according to their relationship with the most important principal components. A first group, including mean pH, was closely related to PC 1 , which accounted for 78% of data variability; hence, correlations between variables of this group were generally high. Of these, threshold-related variables were distinct as their withinstudy correlations with mean pH were rather moderate (0.69 on average). This suggests they might carry supplementary information that could explain the variation in ruminal pH induced by within-study factors, e.g. diet characteristics. However, caution should be taken in their use because of their truncation at 0 h and their non-normal distribution. Variables from the second group were independent of the PC 1 , and thus of the first group of variables, whereas they were mostly related to PC 2 and PC 3 . This implies they are complementary to mean pH. Of this second group, the rate of pH decreases or the time period when pH reaches its minimum might be useful to better describe the ruminal status, from the point of view of the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis.

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The effects of feeding frequency of concentrates and feeding sequence of hay on eating behavior, ruminal environment and milk production in dairy cows

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents

Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents

Effect of Feeding Frequency Employing Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on Dry Matter Intake and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows During the Winter

Meta-analysis of 0 to 8 h post-prandial evolution of ruminal pH

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