The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women

Harvie, Michelle; Pegington, Mary; Mattson, Mark P.; Frystyk, Jan; Dillon, B.M.; Evans, D. Gareth; Cuzick, Jack; Jebb, Susan A.; Martin, Bronwen; Cutler, Roy G.; Son, Tae Gen; Maudsley, Stuart; Carlson, Olga D.; Egan, Josephine M.; Flyvbjerg, Allan; Howell, Anthony

doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.171

Cited by 642 publications

(858 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Intermittent, severe ER creates a large energy deficit and from a weight loss perspective has been shown to be comparable to moderate daily ER (Harvie et al 2011). This type of dietary strategy might therefore offer a method of weight loss that doesn't require daily adherence to a diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among athletes, severe ER is particularly prevalent in weight categorised athletes (Horswill 1992) and jockeys (Moore et al 2002), where it is used to help facilitate weight loss in the days leading up to weigh-in/ competition. Among those dieting for weight management or weight loss, intermittent severe ER for 1-2 days a week, with adequate energy intake on other days has been shown to lead to successful weight loss (Harvie et al 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

2015

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PURPOSE:This study examined the effects of sodium chloride and potassium chloride supplementation during 48 h severe energy restriction on exercise capacity in the heat. METHODS:Nine males completed three 48 h trials: adequate energy intake (100% requirement), adequate electrolyte intake (CON); restricted energy intake (33% requirement), adequate electrolyte intake (ER-E); and restricted energy intake (33% requirement), restricted electrolyte intake (ER-P). At 48 h, cycling exercise capacity at 60% V  O 2 peak was determined in the heat (35.2°C; 61.5% relative humidity). RESULTS:Body mass loss during the 48 h was greater during ER-P (2.16 (0.36) kg) than ER-E (1.43 (0.47) kg; P<0.01) and CON (0.39 (0.68) kg; P<0.001), as well as greater during ER-E than CON (P<0.01). Plasma volume decreased during ER-P (P<0.001), but not ER-E or CON. Exercise capacity was greater during CON (73.6 (13.5) min) and ER-E (67.0 (17.2) min) than ER-P (56.5 (13.1) min; P<0.01), but was not different between CON and ER-E (P=0.237). Heart rate during exercise, was lower during CON and ER-E than ER-P (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:These results demonstrate that supplementation of sodium chloride and potassium chloride during energy restriction attenuated the reduction in exercise capacity that occurred with energy restriction alone. Supplementation maintained plasma volume at pre-trial levels and consequently prevented the increased heart rate observed with energy restriction alone. These results suggest that water and electrolyte imbalances associated with dietary energy and electrolyte restriction might contribute to reduced exercise capacity in the heat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

2015

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“…100 % energy restriction) every other day, with fasting intervals ranging between 20 and 36 h. However, the long-term sustainability of this alternate day total fasting approach in human subjects is questionable due to the persistent hunger reported (24) . Subsequently, the IER protocols used by most human studies (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41) , and by some rodent studies (11,14,42) , have allowed a small amount of 'fast' day intake, so that energy is substantially (⩾70 %) but not completely restricted. This is often referred to as modified fasting, such that, the term fasting in this IER context denotes periods of severe (total or partial) energy restriction.…”

Section: Overview and Effects On Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most well-studied examples include alternate day modified fasting and the 5:2 diet, which entails two modified fast days a week (Table 1), although many variations exist. Intakes on non-restricted ('feed') days among these studies have ranged from ad libitum (27)(28)(29)(31)(32)(33)(34)36,38) , hypoenergetic (approximately 15-30 % of energy requirements) (34,41) , isoenergetic (30,37,40) or hyperenergetic (approximately 125-175 % of energy requirements) (35,39) . Compliance is reportedly high (29,37) , with both acute (5) and chronic (29,30,37,40) studies demonstrating a lack of full compensatory hyperphagia following modified fasting days.…”

Section: Overview and Effects On Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism

et al. 2017

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Two intermittent fasting variants, intermittent energy restriction (IER) and time-restricted feeding (TRF), have received considerable interest as strategies for weight-management and/or improving metabolic health. With these strategies, the pattern of energy restriction and/or timing of food intake are altered so that individuals undergo frequently repeated periods of fasting. This review provides a commentary on the rodent and human literature, specifically focusing on the effects of IER and TRF on glucose and lipid metabolism. For IER, there is a growing evidence demonstrating its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in the short-to-medium term; however, more long-term safety studies are required. Whilst the metabolic benefits of TRF appear quite profound in rodents, findings from the few human studies have been mixed. There is some suggestion that the metabolic changes elicited by these approaches can occur in the absence of energy restriction, and in the context of IER, may be distinct from those observed following similar weight-loss achieved via modest continuous energy restriction. Mechanistically, the frequently repeated prolonged fasting intervals may favour preferential reduction of ectopic fat, beneficially modulate aspects of adipose tissue physiology/morphology, and may also impinge on circadian clock regulation. However, mechanistic evidence is largely limited to findings from rodent studies, thus necessitating focused human studies, which also incorporate more dynamic assessments of glucose and lipid metabolism. Ultimately, much remains to be learned about intermittent fasting (in its various forms); however, the findings to date serve to highlight promising avenues for future research.

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“…The systems-wide neuroprotective benefits of caloric restriction and exercise include activation of adaptive cellular stress responses, enhancement of DNA repair, promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis, and induction of neurotropic factors [162]. Previous preclinical studies using multiple forms of caloric restriction led to reduced abdominal fat mass, decreased cellular oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokines [163][164][165]194], and improved learning and memory function [60].…”

Section: Systems Approaches For Ad Prevention and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: Bioenergetic and Mitochondrial Opportunities

2015

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex and progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, with hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics among the earliest pathogenic events. Bioenergetic deficits are well documented in preclinical models of mammalian aging and AD, emerge early in the prodromal phase of AD, and in those at risk for AD. This review discusses the importance of early therapeutic intervention during the prodromal stage that precedes irreversible degeneration in AD. Mechanisms of action for current mitochondrial and bioenergetic therapeutics for AD broadly fall into the following categories: 1) glucose metabolism and substrate supply; 2) mitochondrial enhancers to potentiate energy production; 3) antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative damage; 4) candidates that target apoptotic and mitophagy pathways to either remove damaged mitochondria or prevent neuronal death. Thus far, mitochondrial therapeutic strategies have shown promise at the preclinical stage but have had little-to-no success in clinical trials. Lessons learned from preclinical and clinical therapeutic studies are discussed. Understanding the bioenergetic adaptations that occur during aging and AD led us to focus on a systems biology approach that targets the bioenergetic system rather than a single component of this system. Bioenergetic system-level therapeutics personalized to bioenergetic phenotype would target bioenergetic deficits across the prodromal and clinical stages to prevent and delay progression of AD.

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The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women

Cited by 642 publications

References 63 publications

Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

Electrolyte supplementation during severe energy restriction increases exercise capacity in the heat

Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism

Targeting the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: Bioenergetic and Mitochondrial Opportunities

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