The effects of luminal and trans-endothelial fluid flows on the extravasation and tissue invasion of tumor cells in a 3Din vitromicrovascular platform

Abstract

Throughout the process of metastatic dissemination, tumor cells are continuously subjected to mechanical forces resulting from complex fluid flows due to changes in pressures in their local microenvironments. While these forces have been associated with invasive phenotypes in 3D matrices, their role in key steps of the metastatic cascade, namely extravasation and subsequent interstitial migration, remains poorly understood. In this study, an in vitro model of the human microvasculature was employed to subject tumor cells to physiological luminal, trans-endothelial, and interstitial flows to evaluate their effects on those key steps of metastasis. Luminal flow promoted the extravasation potential of tumor cells, possibly as a result of their increased intravascular migration speed. Trans-endothelial flow increased the speed with which tumor cells transmigrated across the endothelium as well as their migration speed in the matrix following extravasation. In addition, tumor cells possessed a greater propensity to migrate in close proximity to the endothelium when subjected to physiological flows, which may promote the successful formation of metastatic foci. These results show important roles of fluid flow during extravasation and invasion, which could determine the local metastatic potential of tumor cells.

Engineering neurovascular organoids with 3D printed microfluidic chips

“…Continuous long term perfusion of microvasculature on chip, which is a challenge for organoid-on-chip vascularization, 51 is currently a limitation of our vascularized organoid model. Recent studies have explored various flow regimes for perfusing microvascular networks on chip over multiple days, 52,53 and while similar strategies could be applied to our system, the role of flow on such a co-culture system remains to be evaluated.…”

Engineering confining microenvironment for studying cancer metastasis

“…Extensive on-going efforts are trying to build an in vivo relevant blood vessel-on-chip model for cancer studies (Coughlin and Kamm, 2020). Pioneering investigations have demonstrated their potential in studying cancer cell-blood vessel interaction or the extravasation processes from multiple aspects, for example, with the interstitial fluid flow (Hajal et al, 2021) or considering the mechanics of endothelium (Escribano et al, 2019).…”