The effects of microencapsulated garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth performance, body composition, immune response and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles

Abstract

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Effects of Garlic Allium sativum Powder on Nutrient Digestibility, Haematology, and Immune and Stress Responses in Eurasian Perch Perca fluviatilis Juveniles

“…At the end of the feeding trial, feed was withheld for 24 h. The fish were anesthetized by tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) at 200 mg L −1 water [ 21 ] and counted, and individual length and weight were measured. Growth performance and survival rate were calculated [ 21 ].…”

“…At the end of the feeding trial, feed was withheld for 24 h. The fish were anesthetized by tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) at 200 mg L −1 water [ 21 ] and counted, and individual length and weight were measured. Growth performance and survival rate were calculated [ 21 ]. Final body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), weight gain percentage (WG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival rate (SR%), condition factor (CF%), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were calculated as follows: FBW (g) = Final body weight WG (g) = [Final body weight (g) − Initial body weight (g)] WG% = [Final body weight (g) − Initial body weight (g)]/initial body weight (g) × 100 FI (g/fish) = dry feed consumed/number of fish PER = Weight gain (g)/total protein intake (g) FCR = dry feed intake (g)/WG (g) SGR (% day −1 ) = 100 × [ln final body weight (g) − ln initial body weight (g)]/time (days) SR% = (number of fish after test/initial number of stocked fish) × 100 CF% = [fish body weight (g)/(fish length) 3 (cm)] × 100 HSI% = [liver weight (g)/body weight (g)] × 100 VSI% = [viscera weight (g)/body weight (g)] × 100 …”

“…At the end of experiment, two fish per each tank ( n = 6 per group) were randomly selected. Fish were anesthetized with MS-222 at 200 mg L −1 water [ 21 ] and were killed by a sharp blow to the head. The entire fish body was ground, packed individually into plastic bags, and stored at −20 °C for whole body proximate composition analysis.…”

“…Crude protein was measured using the Kjeldahl method (BUCHI Labortechnik AG, type K-360, Königswinter, Germany) [ 12 ]. Dry matter was analyzed by drying in a NÜVE type FN 400P oven (NÜVE, Ankara, Turkey) at 105 °C to a stable weight [ 21 ]. Ash was analyzed in a muffle furnace L 40/11 BO (Nabertherm GmbH, Lilienthal, Germany)) at 550 °C for 4 h [ 12 ].…”

“…Garlic powder increased immunoglobulins in European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) [ 20 ]. Garlic microencapsulated extract improved growth performance, body proximate composition, and biochemical and immunohematological parameters in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) [ 21 ]. These studies, regardless of the form of garlic presentation within diets, suggest that garlic may be used as an alternative to antibiotics [ 22 ].…”