The Effects of Nonreinforcement and Incentive Value on Response Speed

Ryan, Thomas J.

doi:10.2307/1126945

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…6) and human Ss (Ryan, 1965). A similar finding has been noted when children perform in the presence of a passively observing peer (Rosenbaum & Brunning, 1966) .…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

“…6), for children performing individually (e.g., Ryan, 1965), or in the presence of a passively observing peer (Rosenbaum & Bruning, 1966). A tentative explanation of these data suggests that in group 50:100, Child A may have negatively evaluated his performance in relation to Child B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…With one exception, the double-lever apparatus was as described by Ryan (1965). A unique feature was a common goal box which collected marbles from both levers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) and human Ss (Ryan, 1965). A similar finding has been noted when children perform in the presence of a passively observing peer (Rosenbaum & Brunning, 1966) .In one study (Ryan, 1965), children performed two successive lever responses, R1 and R2' On R1' Ss who received 50% reward responded faster than those who received 100% reward; on R2' where all Ss in both groups received 100% reward, those who had received 50% reward on R1 responded faster as compared with the 100% group. The present investigation replicated the reward conditions of Ryan's study with the exception that the children were seen in pairs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The effects of direct and vicarious nonreward upon instrumental performance

Whiteley

Ryan

1967

Psychon Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Kindergarten children performed in pairs on a double lever (Rl and R2) apparatus. In group 50:100, Child A received 50% reward for RI responses and Child B received 100% reward for R2 responses. In group 100:100 Child A and Child B received 100% reward for RI and R2 responses, respectively. The R I data were contrary to previous findings with rats and children in that Ss rewarded on a 50% schedule responded more slowly than those who were continuously rewarded.Higher asymptotic performance for partially as compared with continuously rewarded Ss has been demonstrated with infrahuman (Spence, 1960, Chap. 6) and human Ss (Ryan, 1965). A similar finding has been noted when children perform in the presence of a passively observing peer (Rosenbaum & Brunning, 1966) .In one study (Ryan, 1965), children performed two successive lever responses, R1 and R2' On R1' Ss who received 50% reward responded faster than those who received 100% reward; on R2' where all Ss in both groups received 100% reward, those who had received 50% reward on R1 responded faster as compared with the 100% group. The present investigation replicated the reward conditions of Ryan's study with the exception that the children were seen in pairs. Thus, each child performed in the presence of an observer who actively performed a similar response. MethodThe Ss were 32 male and 32 female children (64-76 months). With one exception, the double-lever apparatus was as described by Ryan (1965). A unique feature was a common goal box which collected marbles from both levers.Pairs of Ss were matched for sex and age. Child A performed R1 and Child B performed R2 throughout the experiment. The Ss were told that this was a team game which required filling the common goal box with marbles in order to win a toy. Ss were instructed not to converse during the game. 3 There were two rewarded practice trials and 36 test trials. Interresponse and intertrial intervals were 5 and 15 sec., respectively.Each pair of Ss was assigned to one of two reinforcement conditions. In group 100;100, each member of a given pair received 100% reward. In group 50;100, Child A received 50% reward for Rl responses and Child B received 100% reward for R2 responses. For partially rewarded Ss, three reward and three nonreward trials occurred in each block of six trial s. Measures of starting time, from onset of a stimulus light to initial movement of the lever, and movement time, duration of the 15-in. lever pull, were taken on each trial. Results R1 starting and movement times were converted to speeds (l/t sec.). In a separate analysis for each measure, the between-Ss variables were reward condition (50;100 vs. 100;100) and sex of S. The within-Ss main effect was trial blocks (six blocks of six trials each). The Rl movement speeds revealed a significant interaction ( Fig. 1)

show abstract

“…6) and human Ss (Ryan, 1965). A similar finding has been noted when children perform in the presence of a passively observing peer (Rosenbaum & Brunning, 1966) .…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…With one exception, the double-lever apparatus was as described by Ryan (1965). A unique feature was a common goal box which collected marbles from both levers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effects of direct and vicarious nonreward upon instrumental performance

Whiteley

Ryan

1967

Psychon Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Bruning (1964), Pederson (1967), Ryan (1965), andRyan & Moffitt (1966 have shown that instrumental lever pulling is faster for children under a 50% reward condition than for children under a 100% reward condition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s reactions to nonreward: Partial vs continuous reinforcement using a within-subjects design

Semler

Pederson

1968

Psychon Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A within-Ss design was used in which each of 40 first grade children made 20 instrumental lever pulling responses to each of two stimuli (S100 and S50)' All responses associated with S100 and 50% of the responses associated with S50 were reinforced. Faster lever movement speeds were found on S50 relative to S100 trials. Implications of frustration theory for these results were contrasted with similar findings in studies using a between-Ss design.

show abstract

A parametric investigation of reinforcement schedule and sex of S as related to acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response

Ryan

Voorhoeve

1966

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Effects of Nonreinforcement and Incentive Value on Response Speed

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

The effects of direct and vicarious nonreward upon instrumental performance

The effects of direct and vicarious nonreward upon instrumental performance

Children’s reactions to nonreward: Partial vs continuous reinforcement using a within-subjects design

A parametric investigation of reinforcement schedule and sex of S as related to acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About