The Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Muscle Stiffness Across the Menstrual Cycle

Bell, David R.; Blackburn, J. Troy; Ondrak, Kristin S.; Hackney, Anthony C.; Hudson, Jeffrey; Norcross, Marc F.; Padua, Darin A.

doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318230f50a

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, the roles of estrogen and progesterone in ligament are better understood [66][67][68] than the way in which these hormones influence muscle. 46,47 More research is needed to better understand the role these hormones play in muscle and how they influence landing mechanics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each participant had a venous blood specimen analyzed for select reproductive hormone levels (estradiol-b-17, progesterone, and free testosterone) using previously reported methods. 46,47 Participants completed all testing wearing the same pair of their personal athletic shoes for each session.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2 time points were 3 to 5 days after the onset of menses and within 3 days after a positive test using a urine-based ovulation prediction test (Earth's Magic, Cary, NC). 46,47 Test phases were counterbalanced to avoid an order effect, with the first test session occurring at menses in 11 participants and at ovulation in 9 participants. We tested participants during the same time of day for each session and instructed them not to eat 2 hours before testing and not to exercise the day of testing.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jump-Landing Biomechanics and Knee-Laxity Change Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Bell

Blackburn

Hackney

et al. 2014

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Of the individuals able to return to sport participation after an anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury, up to 25% will experience a second ACL injury. This population may be more sensitive to hormonal fluctuations, which may explain this high rate of second injury. Objective: To examine changes in 3-dimensional hip and knee kinematics and kinetics during a jump landing and to examine knee laxity across the menstrual cycle in women with histories of unilateral noncontact ACL injury. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 20 women (age = 19.6 ± 1.3 years, height = 168.6 ± 5.3 cm, mass = 66.2 ± 9.1 kg) with unilateral, noncontact ACL injuries. Intervention(s) Participants completed a jump-landing task and knee-laxity assessment 3 to 5 days after the onset of menses and within 3 days of a positive ovulation test. Main Outcome Measure(s): Kinematics in the uninjured limb at initial contact with the ground during a jump landing, peak kinematics and kinetics during the loading phase of landing, anterior knee laxity via the KT-1000, peak vertical ground reaction force, and blood hormone concentrations (estradiol-β-17, progesterone, free testosterone). Results: At ovulation, estradiol-β-17 (t = −2.9, P = .009), progesterone (t = −3.4, P = .003), and anterior knee laxity (t = −2.3, P = .03) increased, and participants presented with greater knee-valgus moment (Z = −2.6, P = .01) and femoral internal rotation (t = −2.1, P = .047). However, during the menses test session, participants landed harder (greater peak vertical ground reaction force; t = 2.2, P = .04), with the tibia internally rotated at initial contact (t = 2.8, P = .01) and greater hip internal-rotation moment (Z = −2.4, P = .02). No other changes were observed across the menstrual cycle. Conclusions Knee and hip mechanics in both phases of the menstrual cycle represented a greater potential risk of ACL loading. Observed changes in landing mechanics may explain why the risk of second ACL injury is elevated in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jump-Landing Biomechanics and Knee-Laxity Change Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Bell

Blackburn

Hackney

et al. 2014

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…It is encouraging to note that the majority of recent studies have used blood samples to con rm reproductive status; post-menopausal 38,50 , menstrual cycle phase [29][30] and OC use 9,34 . However, no studies have speci cally measured the bioavailable concentration of oestradiol, which may be of particular interest for studies using post-menopausal groups; previous work has shown that the bioavailability of oestradiol did not signi cantly di er between two phases of the menstrual cycle 64 .…”

Section: Methodological Issues and Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Undoubtedly, the most common reproductive functioning models used in the literature in the last decade were the menopause and HRT [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] . ese models were used to investigate numerous facets of muscle strength including; muscle sti ness 30 and soreness 29 , dynamic and isometric force production 38,43 , power 41 , endurance 32 , performance 33 , functional capacity 39 and gene expression 37 . Generally, the relationship between oestrogen and muscle strength was positive; high concentrations of oestradiol were associated with the preservation of muscle strength and mass in addition to mobility and function [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] .…”

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confidence: 99%

The relationship between oestrogen and muscle strength: a current perspective

Elliott‐Sale

2014

Rev. bras. educ. fís. esporte

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The relationship between muscle strength and oestrogen is ambiguous and is still largely unresolved. The evidence for and against an effect of oestradiol on determinants of muscle function is equivocal and often contradictory. The bulk of the research in this area was performed during the eighties and nineties, using models of reproductive functioning such as; the menstrual cycle, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives and in vitro fertilisation treatment, to alter the female hormonal milieu. In the last decade, approximately 15 papers have demonstrated a relationship, both positive and negative, between the concentration of oestrogen and skeletal muscle strength. Conversely, around 20 articles have not shown any infl uence of oestrogen on a number of strength measures. The majority of these studies were performed using post-menopausal and eumenorrheic females. Most current studies use hormonal assays to confi rm oestrogen status, however no recent studies have reported the bioavailable concentration of oestradiol. Similarly, no research in the last 10 years has used in vitro fertilisation treatment or pregnancy as acute and chronic models of supra-physiological changes in sex hormone concentration. Future work should focus on performing meta-analyses on each of the key components of muscle strength in an attempt to elucidate a causal relationship. In addition, models of reproductive functioning that cause the greatest magnitude of change to oestrogen concentration should be used, while controlling as many confounding factors as possible.

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Effects of Female Reproductive Hormones on Sports Performance

Lebrun

Joyce

Constantini

2013

Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport

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The Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Muscle Stiffness Across the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract: Although previous literature suggests a prophylactic effect of OC use with respect to musculoskeletal injury risk, our results indicate that OC use does not affect muscle properties in manners thought to reduce ACL injury risk.

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Jump-Landing Biomechanics and Knee-Laxity Change Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Jump-Landing Biomechanics and Knee-Laxity Change Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The relationship between oestrogen and muscle strength: a current perspective

Effects of Female Reproductive Hormones on Sports Performance

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