The effects of piracetam on heroin-induced CPP and neuronal apoptosis in rats

Xu, Ping; Li, Min; Bai, Yang; Lu, Wei; Ling, Xiaomei; Li, Weidong

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.026

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Notably, the test session is conducted without administration of the drug of abuse being studied. Several studies have demonstrated CPP with cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and heroin (e.g., Reid et al, 1985 ; Schenk et al, 1985 ; Nomikos and Spyraki, 1988 ; Le Foll and Goldberg, 2005 ; Xu et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Behavioral Measures Of the Rewarding/reinforcing Effects Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decrease in ionotropic-mediated glutamate transmission via blockade of AMPA receptors attenuated self-administration of cocaine (Pierce et al, 1997 ) and alcohol (Stephens and Brown, 1999 ). In addition, activation of AMPA receptors facilitated heroin-induced CPP (Xu et al, 2015 ). Together, these studies support a role for the AMPA receptors in drug reward.…”

Section: Glutamate and Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction

D’Souza

2015

Front. Neurosci.

111

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Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.

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Section: Behavioral Measures Of the Rewarding/reinforcing Effects Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glutamate and Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction

D’Souza

2015

Front. Neurosci.

111

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“…The detailed procedure of CPP paradigm has previously been described ( Xu et al, 2015 ). In brief, the present CPP employed an unbiased paradigm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of 4-Methylethcathinone on Conditioned Place Preference, Locomotor Sensitization, and Anxiety-Like Behavior: A Comparison with Methamphetamine

Qiu

Zhang

et al. 2015

IJNPPY

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Background:4-Methylethcathinone is a drug that belongs to the second generation of synthetic cathinones, and recently it has been ranked among the most popular “legal highs”. Although it has similar in vitro neurochemical actions to other drugs such as cocaine, the behavioral effects of 4-methylethcathinone remain to be determined.Methods:The addictive potential and locomotor potentiation by 4-methylethcathinone were investigated in rats using the conditioned place preference and sensitization paradigm. Methamphetamine was used as a positive control. Because synthetic cathinones can have psychological effects, we also examined anxiety-like behavior using the elevated plus maze.Results:A conditioning dose of 10mg/kg 4-methylethcathinone was able to induce conditioned place preference and reinstatement (following 2 weeks of withdrawal). Acute or repeated injections of 4-methylethcathinone at 3 or 10mg/kg failed to alter locomotor activity. At 30mg/kg, however, acute 4-methylethcathinone increased locomotor activity compared with saline, while chronic 4-methylethcathinone induced a delayed and attenuated sensitization compared with methamphetamine. Additionally, repeated daily injections of 4-methylethcathinone (30mg/kg) reduced, whereas methamphetamine increased time spent by rats in the open arm of an elevated plus maze compared with saline injections. Interestingly, a 2-week withdrawal period following chronic injections of 4-methylethcathinone or methamphetamine increased time spent in the open arm in all rats.Conclusions:The rewarding properties of 4-methylethcathinone were found to be dissociated from its effects on locomotor activity. Additionally, chronic 4-methylethcathinone use may trigger abnormal anxious behaviors. These behavioral effects caused by 4-methylethcathinone appear to last even after a withdrawal period.

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“…2 that had been adulterated with piracetam at the source. A large number of heroin smuggled into China from the Golden Triangle had been found to contain piracetam and with about half of them at a concentration of 34%–55% . Piracetam had also been detected in some illicit heroin in Europe …”

Section: Profile Of the Street Heroin In Malaysia And Singaporementioning

confidence: 99%

“…to contain piracetam and with about half of them at a concentration of 34%-55%. 39 Piracetam had also been detected in some illicit heroin in Europe. [34][35][36] High-grade heroin like the No.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin in Malaysia and Singapore

Sulaiman

Kunalan

Yap

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Clandestine heroin laboratories have been a feature of the Malaysian illicit drug scene since soon after the abuse of heroin emerged in 1972. The first few clandestine heroin laboratories which synthesised heroin via the acetylation of imported morphine were uncovered in 1973 and 1977. By the mid-1980s, this type of laboratory was replaced by heroin-cutting laboratories whereby imported high-grade heroin was cut to street heroin. This was to meet the rising demand for the drug owing to the rapid escalation of the number of drug users. Over the years, the most significant change in the composition of the street heroin is the decrease in its purity from 30%-50% to 3%-5%. Caffeine has remained the major adulterant and chloroquine is detected in virtually all recent seizures.

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The effects of piracetam on heroin-induced CPP and neuronal apoptosis in rats

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction

Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction

The Effects of 4-Methylethcathinone on Conditioned Place Preference, Locomotor Sensitization, and Anxiety-Like Behavior: A Comparison with Methamphetamine

Heroin in Malaysia and Singapore

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