The Effects of Postexercise Cooling on Muscle Performance and Soreness Perception

Doeringer, Jeffrey Ryan; Colas, Megan; Peacock, Corey A.; Gatens, Dustin

doi:10.1123/ijatt.2017-0033

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings also align with a study that simulates a tournament/training over a three‐day period . In addition, a similar study showed sprint times increase following CWI . These are consistent with current evidence which demonstrates similar improvements in sprint and intermittent‐sprint exercises following CWI .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In addition, a similar study showed sprint times increase following CWI . These are consistent with current evidence which demonstrates similar improvements in sprint and intermittent‐sprint exercises following CWI . The improvement in agility for the CWI group may be attributed to the overall lower perception of pain/soreness as compared to the control group which showed the most significant difference between groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…In contrast, a study showed sprint times to be faster but did not reveal any strength, power, agility, or flexibility changes. This study used athletic population and the measurement was re‐evaluated 48 hours following the simulated training and CWI. It is suggested that CWI will not improve performance, but it should reduce how much the performance is hindered due to soreness .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This study used athletic population and the measurement was re‐evaluated 48 hours following the simulated training and CWI. It is suggested that CWI will not improve performance, but it should reduce how much the performance is hindered due to soreness . Both the current study and the present discussed study observed a significant reduction of perception of soreness following CWI especially compared to the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Post‐exercise cooling modified muscle performance and soreness perception

2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryotherapy is commonly utilized by physically active individuals through cold-water immersion (CWI) and ice packs to decrease muscle soreness and improve functional performance outcomes. 1 Exercise can induce microscopic tears in a muscle, leading to delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Characterized by inflammation, muscle soreness, decreased strength, and decreased power seen 24-72 hours following exercise, DOMS impairs performance, so it is imperative to address its symptoms. 2 Cryotherapy has been shown to induce local vasoconstriction, which reduces the overall metabolic demand for oxygen in damaged tissue leading to an overall reduction in hypoxic secondary injury. Cryotherapy may also decrease nerve conduction velocity and increase pain receptor threshold, decreasing exercise-associated pain. 3 Cryotherapy is also commonly used before athletic events to improve specific physical performance outcomes such as endurance and prevention of DOMS, as well as after events to decrease inflammation and soreness. 4 Many studies have evaluated the effect of post-exercise CWI on pain/fatigue associated with DOMS. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Generally, improvements in pain/fatigue have been noted in subjects 24, 48, 72, and even up to 96 hours following CWI, which includes the timeframe in which DOMS occurs. 2,4 Numerous studies have evaluated the psychological and physiological effects of CWI on exercise performance, but there has not been a comprehensive approach to address multiple factors that impact physical performance such as flexibility, strength, speed, agility, power, and pain. 5,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In recent years, several studies 17,19 have found CWI AbstractAthletes in recent years are to prophylactically use cold-water immersion (CWI) 24 hours before a game, in hopes of improving performance and reduction of soreness. To assess the effects of pre-and post-exercise CWI on muscle performance or pain perception. Twenty subjects enrolled in the study. Muscle performance measures included flexibility, strength, power, agility, and speed for the lower extremity. The subjects were pseudo-randomly assigned to a CWI or control group. The independent variables were group (ice immersion vs control) and time (Baseline, 24 hours, and 48 hours). The dependent variables were muscle performance measurements and pain/soreness visual analog scale (VAS). A 2 × 3 mixed design ANOVA with repeated factors revealed a significant interaction for group × time for strength (P = .024), agility (P = .04), and VAS (P = .019). A post-hoc independent sample t test revealed significant differences at 24 hours for strength (P = .001), 48 hours for agility (P = .03), and 48 hours for VAS (P = .001). There were no significant differences in flexibility, power, and speed between the CWI and control groups. The use of CWI 24 hours pre-exercise improved strength, but improved agility 24 hours post-exercise, and less muscle soreness when compared to the control group. K E Y W O R D SCWI, pain perception, post-wo...

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Post‐exercise cooling modified muscle performance and soreness perception

2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Studies investigating the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and creatine kinase (CK) have reported mixed results in physically active populations. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of CWI on recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and CK following an acute bout of exercise in physically active populations. Study Design Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Methods A systematic search was conducted in September 2021 using Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EmCare and Embase databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English, included participants who were involved in sport or deemed physically active, compared CWI with passive recovery methods following an acute bout of strenuous exercise and included athletic performance, athlete perception and CK outcome measures. Studies were divided into two strenuous exercise subgroups: eccentric exercise and high-intensity exercise. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyses were completed with water temperature and exposure durations as continuous moderator variables. Results Fifty-two studies were included in the meta-analyses. CWI improved the recovery of muscular power 24 h after eccentric exercise (SMD 0.34 [95% CI 0.06–0.62]) and after high-intensity exercise (SMD 0.22 [95% CI 0.004–0.43]), and reduced serum CK (SMD − 0.85 [95% CI − 1.61 to − 0.08]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. CWI also improved muscle soreness (SMD − 0.89 [95% CI − 1.48 to − 0.29]) and perceived feelings of recovery (SMD 0.66 [95% CI 0.29–1.03]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. There was no significant influence on the recovery of strength performance following either eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Meta-regression indicated that shorter time and lower temperatures were related to the largest beneficial effects on serum CK (duration and temperature dose effects) and endurance performance (duration dose effects only) after high-intensity exercise. Conclusion CWI was an effective recovery tool after high-intensity exercise, with positive outcomes occurring for muscular power, muscle soreness, CK, and perceived recovery 24 h after exercise. However, after eccentric exercise, CWI was only effective for positively influencing muscular power 24 h after exercise. Dose–response relationships emerged for positively influencing endurance performance and reducing serum CK, indicating that shorter durations and lower temperatures may improve the efficacy of CWI if used after high-intensity exercise. Funding Emma Moore is supported by a Research Training Program (Domestic) Scholarship from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Education and Training. Protocol registration Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SRB9D.

show abstract