The Effects of Refining on the Chemical Composition of Turkish Sunflower Seed Oil

Abstract

ball-like fruits borne on the trunk. Fruits are nearly globular, indehiscent,hardon theexterior and pulpy inside,withmany seeds embeded in it. Shells of the fruits are used as utensils. Pulp is generally eaten by Negroes in Guiana. It is also used for preparation of beverages I.Though the plant is of economic importance, extraction and composition of the oils from the seeds have not been studiedsofar.Hencethisplant isselectedforstudyingthenature and composition of oil from the seeds. This type of work is canied out for the fmt time in Couroupita guianensis Aubl. E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n Mature fruits of Couroupitaguianensis Aubl. were collected from the plant growingin theuniversitycampusofM.S.University-Baroda in Gujarat State. The seeds after removing the pulp were dried in the shade for about two weeks. The seeds were powdered with pestle in a mortar and extracted with petroleum ether (40O-60' C) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent was removed in arotary evaporator at 30°-350 C and by flushing with nitrogen. The contents of moisture, oil and protein and the characteristics of the extracted oils were determined according to the Official and Tentative Methods of AOCS ' . The methyl esters of oil were prepared according to the method of Smith 'i. The methyl esters were analysed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) using a CIC gaschromatograph fitted with flame ionization detector (F'ID). A stainless steel column (2.4 m x 3.2 mm) packed with 15% DEGS on chromosorb W, 80-100 mesh and maintained at 2000 C was used. Nitrogen was used as camer gas at a flow rate of 45 d m i n . The peak area was measured as the product of the peak height and the peak width at half-height. The peaks were identified using reference compounds.

Effects of refining process on sunflower oil minor components: a review

“…Karaali (1985) determined in chemically refined sunflower oil a decrease of 60.3% on total phytosterols, with the highest loss during the physical neutralization step.…”

“…The reduction in total tocopherols content ranged from 14 to 34% with an average loss of about 27% (Alpaslan et al, 2001;Ergönül and Köseoǧlu, 2014;Karaali, 1985;Talal et al, 2013;Tasan and Demirci, 2005). Ergönül and Köseoǧlu (2014) showed the lowest diminution as they found that the level of total tocopherols decreased from 737 mg/kg in crude sunflower oil to 633.8 mg/kg in refined sunflower oil.…”

“…The water degumming process permits to remove about 83% of total phospholipids from solvent extracted sunflower oil (Brevedan et al, 2000). During the refining process metals are removed, acid degumming reduces the content of calcium and magnesium of 88 and 90% (Zufarov et al, 2008), and the iron content is reduced from 4.4 to 3.3 ppm (Karaali, 1985). FFA content is reduced up to 82% passing from 1.24 to 0.23% (w/w) in a combined degummingneutralization step (TOP, also called total degumming process) (Kreps et al, 2014).…”

“…FFA content is reduced up to 82% passing from 1.24 to 0.23% (w/w) in a combined degummingneutralization step (TOP, also called total degumming process) (Kreps et al, 2014). But it decreased only 20% from 1.03 to 0.83 (% g oleic acid) in a classic degumming step (Karaali, 1985). Chlorophylls are reduced from 5.62 to 4.63 (mg/kg pheophytin a) in HOSO and from 4.32 to 3.56 in regular SO in acid degumming (Kreps et al, 2014).…”

Comparison of geometrical isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in selected commercially refined oils

“…On the other hand, chemical or physical refining subjects the oil to high temperatures, alkali and metal processing equipment that can alter their chemical composition (Karaali, 1985). The typical oil refining process includes degumming, chemical or physical refining, bleaching and deodorization (Erickson, 1995).…”