The Effects of Regional Climate and Aging on Seasonal Variations in Chinese Women’s Skin Characteristics

Kim, Eun-Joo; Han, Jiyeon; Park, Hyeokgon; Kim, Minah; Kim, Beom Joon; Yeon, Jaeho; Liu, Wei; Wei, Lai; Lee, Haekwang

doi:10.4236/jcdsa.2017.72014

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1). The vast majority of the studies found decreased SC hydration in winter as we also confirmed 11‐32 . Only a few studies observed no or opposite trends in some specific cases 13,16‐18,33 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Then, a reduced number of total ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, 62‐65 increased ratio of ceramides with shorter chains, 17 and containing unsaturated fatty acids 63 were found in winter skin in comparison with summer possibly contributing to a decreased water resistance of SC in winter 66,67 . These changes can be partly explained by often observed higher pH in winter 16,19,22,25,28,31,68 caused by the lack of the skin sebum and acidic NMF molecules from the sweat and leading to a decreased activity of lipid processing enzymes such as β‐glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase 69 . Higher pH also activates serine proteases leading to protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation which then inhibits secretion of lamellar bodies necessary for the proper skin barrier formation 70 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Dolečková

Čápová

Machková

et al. 2020

Skin Research and Technology

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Background The human skin is greatly affected by external factors such as UV radiation (UVR), ambient temperature (T), and air humidity. These factors oscillate during the year giving rise to the seasonal variations in the skin properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons, environmental T, relative and absolute humidity on the skin parameters of Caucasian women, perform a literature review and discuss the possible factors lying behind the found changes. Materials and Methods We measured stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, erythema index, and elasticity parameters R2 and R7 on the forehead and the cheek of Caucasian women from the Czech Republic throughout the year. We also performed a non‐systematic literature review focused on the seasonal variations in these skin parameters. Results We confirmed a well‐documented low SC hydration and sebum production in winter. In spring, we found the lowest TEWL (on the forehead) and the highest SC hydration but also the highest erythema index and the lowest elasticity presumably indicating skin photodamage. For most of the skin parameters, the seasonal variations probably arise due to a complex action of different factors as we extensively discussed. Conclusion The data about the seasonal variations in the skin parameters are still highly inconsistent and further studies are needed for better understanding of the normal skin changes throughout the year.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Dolečková

Čápová

Machková

et al. 2020

Skin Research and Technology

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show abstract

“…The hydration data indicate that seasons had a strong effect on the skin moisture content. These observations are in line with studies by Lie, showing that skin hydration is decreased in a dry season than a hot and wet summer [22]. Any effect of Pycnogenol ® intake on the skin moisture content of the skin was therefore likely submerged by the seasonal effects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This reverse relationship under high temperature and high humidity conditions in summer in Beijing may explain why the basal hydration but not the basal TEWL at week 13 significantly increased (Fig. 2c, d) [18, 22]. The change of TEWL after 19 and 25 weeks of treatment was significantly different between both groups (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Pycnogenol® Intake Benefits the Skin in Urban Chinese Outdoor Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, and Crossover Intervention Study

Zhao

Wu²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Oral supplementation with a standardized extract from the bark of the French pine (Pycnogenol®) has been reported to benefit the skin. It might thus represent an easy-to-use strategy to improve the skin health of individuals who are exposed to considerable environmental stress in large urban areas. Objective: We investigated if oral intake of Pycnogenol® can benefit the skin of Han Chinese working outdoors in Beijing, China. Methods: In a monocentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and crossover study, the effects of Pycnogenol® intake (2 × 50 mg/day for a total of 12 weeks) on a variety of skin physiological parameters was studied in Chinese subjects (n = 76), from spring to autumn, who were working outdoors in Beijing, China. Results: During the intervention period, study subjects were constantly exposed to increased levels of particulate matter (PM)2.5 as well as seasonal changes in humidity and temperature. Despite this environmental stress, Pycnogenol® intake prevented (i) a decrease in the skin hydration, (ii) transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and (iii) skin darkening during the dry autumn season. In addition, Pycnogenol® intake improved (iv) viscoelastic skin properties such as gross elasticity and elastic recovery irrespective of the season. These beneficial effects were not observed if the same subjects were supplemented with placebo. Conclusion: Oral intake of Pycnogenol® benefits the skin in Han Chinese, who are working outdoors under considerable environmental stress.

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“…affect acquired skin features [21] [22] [23]. Scalp and hair might be influenced in a similar way to facial skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageing-Related Features of Hair and Scalp in Chinese Women by Clinical Evaluation Study

Kim¹,

Kim²,

An³

et al. 2017

JCDSA

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There are previous studies of ageing hair and scalp in Caucasians and some Asians, such as Koreans and Japanese. However, the characteristics of scalp and hair have not yet been studied in Chinese, the largest population in the world, especially in terms of ageing. The purpose of this study is to investigate ageing features in Chinese women's hair and scalp. Methods: In total, 1343 women in China aged 20 to 65 participated in this research. Hair density and diameter were measured and analysed with Folliscope®. Hair color and scalp conditions such as dandruff and erythema were evaluated through microscopic images. Measuring equipment was also used to detect scalp water content, barrier function and sebum secretion. Results: Hair density decreased gradually with ageing, while hair diameter peaked at 40s. The color of hair became bright with ageing because of gray hair and color fading. The degree of scalp sebum and dandruff was higher at younger ages. Interestingly, scalp erythema became more severe with ageing. Conclusion: This study shows the physical and physiological changes of Chinese women's hair and scalp. Most aging features (hair diameter, scalpsebum contents, dandruff and erythema) were noticeable in their 40s, but hair density began to decline in their 30s. This first study of aging hair and scalp in Chinese women would be helpful for understanding the ageing phenomenon and development of hair and scalp care products.

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The Effects of Regional Climate and Aging on Seasonal Variations in Chinese Women’s Skin Characteristics

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Oral Pycnogenol® Intake Benefits the Skin in Urban Chinese Outdoor Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, and Crossover Intervention Study

Ageing-Related Features of Hair and Scalp in Chinese Women by Clinical Evaluation Study

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