The effects of repetition on belief in naturalistic settings

Fazio, Lisa K.; Pillai, Raunak M.; Patel, Dhruv

doi:10.31234/osf.io/r85mw

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(33 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Considering that a large number of repetitions makes the illusory truth effect more salient (e.g. [13,[33][34][35]), it is unlikely that pre-exposure to the topics was insufficient to produce the illusory truth effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evasive truth: do mere exposures at the subliminal and supraliminal levels drive the illusory truth effect?

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The subjective truth of a statement is boosted by mere exposure to itself or a part of itself. This phenomenon is referred to as the illusory truth effect . We examined whether subliminal pre-exposure to the statement topic would increase its subjective truth. In the exposure phase, participants observed the topic, which was presented supraliminally or subliminally. After the exposure phase, they rated the subjective truth of the statement. If unconscious processing contributed to the illusory truth effect, subliminal exposure to the topic would increase the subjective truth of the statement. On the other hand, if the illusory truth effect required conscious and controlled processing, increases in the subjective truth of a statement would be induced only by supraliminal exposure to the topic. The results showed that the illusory truth effect was not found in either supraliminal or subliminal groups. Our findings provide no reliable evidence that pre-exposure to the statement topic saliently promotes its subjective truth.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evasive truth: do mere exposures at the subliminal and supraliminal levels drive the illusory truth effect?

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, we cannot say which feature (or a combination thereof) is responsible for the current findings. There are reasons to think that increasing the number of repetitions from one to five increased the likelihood to find a TBR effect, as suggested by research on ambiguous statements (e.g., Fazio et al, 2021;Hassan & Barber, 2021). Likewise, using a sensitive scale increased the probability of detecting small differences of perceived truth between repeated and new statements that may be difficult to find with less sensitive dichotomous ratings or Likert scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A prominent theory is based on processing fluency (Reber & Schwarz, 1999;Unkelbach, 2007): repeated statements are easier to process than new ones, and this processing fluency is used as a cue for truth. Typically, the TBR effect is demonstrated using only one previous exposure, but additional exposures (e.g., 4, 8, 16) may lead to a larger TBR effect (Arkes et al, 1991;DiFonzo et al, 2016;Fazio et al, 2021;Hassan & Barber, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Earth a Perfect Square? Repetition Increases the Perceived Truth of Highly Implausible Statements

Lacassagne¹,

Béna²,

Corneille³

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A single exposure to statements is typically enough to increase their perceived truth. This Truth-by-Repetition (TBR) effect has long been assumed to occur only with statements whose truth value is unknown to participants. Contrary to this hypothesis, recent research found a TBR effect with statements known to be false. Of note, a recent model even posits that repetition could increase the perceived truth of highly implausible statements. As for now, however, no empirical evidence has reported a TBR effect for highly implausible statements. Here, we reasoned that one may be found provided a sensitive truth measure is used and statements are repeated more than just once. In a preregistered experiment, participants judged the truth of highly implausible statements on a 100-point scale, and these statements were either new to them or had been presented five times before the judgment task. We observed a TBR effect: truth judgments were higher for repeated statements than for new ones - even if all statements were still judged as false. Exploratory analyses additionally suggest that all participants were not equally prone to this TBR effect: about half the participants showed no or even a reverse effect. Overall, the results provide direct empirical evidence to the claim that repetition can increase perceived truth even for highly implausible statements, although not equally so for all participants and not to the point of making the statements look true.

show abstract

“…Although this suggests the effects of false information on the choice of who people vote for are often over-stated, particularly the effects of limited or near-term exposure to false information with political overtones, this does not exclude the possibility of false information having a decisive influence on the outcome of closely fought elections in a number of ways. First, we know that both true and false information has greater effect on attitudes if repeated over time so misinformation spread over the longer term may have more effect (Fazio et al, 2021). Second, even if, as evidence suggests, 'the effects of brief exposure to persuasive messages' in election campaigns are small (Nyhan et al, 2018), persuading even a very small number of undecided voters who to vote for may have a significant effect on the election outcome, in a very closely fought race.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa

Diagne

Finlay²,

Gaye

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa is a single volume containing two research reports by eight authors examining policy towards misinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The volume first examines the teaching of ‘media literacy’ in state-run schools in seven Sub-Saharan African countries as of mid-2020, as relates to misinformation. It explains the limited elements of media and information literacy (MIL) that are included in the curricula in the seven countries studied and the elements of media literacy related to misinformation taught in schools in one province of South Africa since January 2020. The authors propose six fields of knowledge and skills specific to misinformation that are required in order to reduce students’ susceptibility to false and misleading claims. Identifying obstacles to the introduction and effective teaching of misinformation literacy, the authors make five recommendations for the promotion of misinformation literacy in schools, to reduce the harm misinformation causes. The second report in the volume examines changes made to laws and regulations related to ‘false information’ in eleven countries across Sub-Saharan Africa 2016-2020 from Ethiopia to South Africa. By examining the terms of such laws against what is known of misinformation types, drivers and effects, it assesses the likely effects of punitive policies and those of more positive approaches that provide accountability in political debate by promoting access to accurate information and corrective speech. In contrast to the effects described for most recent regulations relating to misinformation, the report identifies ways in which legal and regulatory frameworks can be used to promote a healthier information environment.

show abstract

The effects of repetition on belief in naturalistic settings

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

The evasive truth: do mere exposures at the subliminal and supraliminal levels drive the illusory truth effect?

The evasive truth: do mere exposures at the subliminal and supraliminal levels drive the illusory truth effect?

Is Earth a Perfect Square? Repetition Increases the Perceived Truth of Highly Implausible Statements

Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About