The effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and its nanoemulsion on dyslipidemic Wistar rats

Abstract

Dyslipidemias are lipid metabolism alterations that cause increased levels of serum lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides. These alterations are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and are a risk factor for atherosclerosis development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EORO, 100 mg/kg) and its nanoemulsion (NEORO, 500 µg/kg) on Triton and coconut saturated-fat-induced (CSF) dyslipidemias using Wistar rats. The phytochemical evaluation of EORO performed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed 1,8-cineole (33.70%), camphor (27.68%), limonene (21.99%), and α-pinene (8.13%) as its major compounds. Triton-induced dyslipidemia significantly increased total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides levels. On the other hand, the groups treated with EORO and NEORO had significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides compared to the group treated only with Triton. Similar results were observed on the positive control treated with simvastatin. Dyslipidemia induced with coconut saturated-fat (CSF) caused abdominal fat gain, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL levels, and atherogenesis in the aorta. In contrast, the groups treated with EORO, NEORO, and simvastatin had significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, reduced abdominal fat gain, and absence of atherogenesis in the vascular endothelium. Overall, in the Triton-induced dyslipidemia model, EORO treatment had superior values than NEORO's (and simvastatin), although the differences were not too high, while in the CSF model, the values were mixed. In this manner, our results show an anti-dyslipidemic and anti-atherogenic activity effect by EORO and NEORO.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Glycolic Extract Protects Liver Mitochondria from Oxidative Damage and Prevents Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity

“…Furthermore, R. officinalis has long been used as a medicinal plant. In this context, a plethora of biological effects and health benefits have been attributed to rosemary essential oil, leaf extracts, and isolated substances, including antibacterial [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], antifungal [ 19 , 20 ], anti-inflammatory [ 21 , 22 ], antiatherogenic [ 23 , 24 ], antiangiogenic [ 25 , 26 ], antihypertensive [ 27 ], antiulcer [ 28 ], anti-diabetic [ 29 , 30 ], anticancer [ 31 ], and other effects (reviewed elsewhere [ 32 , 33 ]). In addition to these effects, this plant is also well known for its powerful antioxidant activity (reviewed in [ 34 ]).…”

Rosemary: Unrevealing an old aromatic crop as a new source of promising functional food additive—A review

“…Especially, rosemary extracts have shown promising potential in the development of antidiabetic drugs (Quirarte‐Baez et al., 2019; Yun et al., 2021). The antidiabetic effects of rosemary include the inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) produced by glycosylation (Shen et al., 2020), suppression of glycogenesis (Bao et al., 2020), promotion of insulin synthesis and glucose uptake (Lipina & Hundal, 2014; Naimi et al., 2015), enhancement of fat consumption (Razavi et al., 2020), anti‐inflammatory (Bao et al., 2020), antioxidant (Abdelrahman et al., 2020; Selmi et al., 2017), lowering blood lipids (El‐Beeh et al., 2019; Hassani et al., 2016), as well as anti‐atherosclerosis (Rodrigues et al., 2020). These antidiabetic pharmacological effects might be attributed to the excellent regulatory functions of multiple enzymes, different signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, and key gene expressions (Hassani et al., 2016).…”

Effect of Some Medical Herbs on Productive Performance of Lactating Zaraibi Goats

“…Zaouali and Boussaid (2008) found that essential oil extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis was rich in 1,8-cineol, while Moujahed et al (2011) found that Rosmarinus officinalis was contained 0.43% essential oil that fractionated into 1-8 cineol (44.2%), camphor (12%), -pinen (11.6%), Camphen (4%), -thyjen (2.2%) and -terpineol (1.7%). In more specifically, Rodrigues et al (2020) reported that the chromatography analysis showed 100% of terpenes in essential oils of rosemary composition with extra 20 compounds could be identified as α-pinene (8.13%), limonene (21.99%), 1,8cineole (33.70), and camphor (27.68%). α-thujene (0.11%), Camphene (1.68%), α-terpinene (0.45) and γterpinene (0.39) where these values being similar with those reporting by (Fernandes et al, 2013 andBorges et al, 2017).…”

“…Extra explanation for reducing cholesterol and triglycerides is representing in stimulating the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids which are excreted from the body through the enterohepatic circulation (Jun et al, 2012 andHu et al, 2015). Definitly Rodrigues et al (2020) reported that each of 100 mg/kg essential oil from rosemary (EORO) could significantly reduce the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Consistent with these findings, Aser and AL-Abachi (2021) showed that after 4 weeks of treating rats by 250 mg\kg body weight of bay leave extracts, there was significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and a significant increases in HDL and body weights.…”