The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide and methyl scopolamine hydrobromide upon the discrimination of interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli

Wagman, William; Maxey, G. C.

doi:10.1007/bf00401682

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Studies have shown that some drugs affect responding maintained under the FCN schedule at lower doses, or to a greater extent, than responding maintained under the FCN-S D schedule (Evans, Laties, & Weiss, 1975;Laties, 1972;Laties et al, 1981;Picker, Leibold, Endsley, & Poling, 1986a;Rees, Wood, & Laties, 1985;Wagman & Maxey, 1969). These results are consistent with those from other studies that have shown that behavior under strong exteroceptive stimulus control is affected less by some drugs than is behavior that is without exteroceptive stimulus control (Laties, 1975;Laties & Weiss, 1966;Thompson & Corr, 1974).…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

Behavior of Rats Under Fixed Consecutive Number Schedules: Effects of Drugs of Abuse

Snodgrass

Hardin

McMillan

1997

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four rats responded under a simple fixed consecutive number schedule in which eight or more consecutive responses on the run lever, followed by a single response on the reinforcement lever, produced the food reinforcer. Under this simple schedule, dose-response curves were determined for diazepam, morphine, pentobarbital, and phencyclidine. The rats were then trained to respond under a multiple fixed consecutive number schedule in which a discriminative stimulus signaled when the response requirement on the run lever had been completed in one of the two fixed consecutive number component schedules. Under control conditions, the percentage of reinforced runs under the multiple-schedule component with the discriminative stimulus added was much higher than the percentage of reinforced runs under the multiple-schedule component without the discriminative stimulus. All of the drugs decreased the percentage of reinforced runs under each of the fixed consecutive number schedules by increasing the conditional probability of short run lengths. This effect was most consistently produced by morphine. The drugs produced few differences in responding between the multiple fixed consecutive number components. Responding under the simple fixed consecutive number schedule, however, was affected at lower doses of the drugs than was responding under the same fixed consecutive number schedule when it was a component of the multiple schedule. This result may be due to the difference in schedule context or, perhaps, to the order of the experiments.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Behavior of Rats Under Fixed Consecutive Number Schedules: Effects of Drugs of Abuse

Snodgrass

Hardin

McMillan

1997

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine neuroleptic, decreases the percentage of reinforced runs of pigeons responding under both variants of the FCN schedule, whereas pimozide, a neuroleptic of the diphenylbutylamine family, decreases the percentage of reinforced runs only under the FCN schedule without an added external discrimination stimulus (Laties 1972;Szostak and Tombaugh 1981). Such differential effects have also been reported with psychomotor stimulants, such as d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and caffeine, and the anticholinergic drug scopolamine (Laties et al 1981;Mechner and Latranyi 1963;Wagman and Maxey 1969). These data clearly suggest that drugs representative of the same therapeutic class can differ substantially in the extent to which their behavioral effects are modulated by external discriminative stimuli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of clonazepam and ethosuximide on the responding of pigeons under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule with and without an external discriminative stimulus

et al. 1986

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The effects of the anticonvulsant drugs clonazepam and ethosuximide were examined in pigeons performing under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule with and without an added external discriminative stimulus. Under these schedules, food was delivered whenever subjects responded between and 8 and 12 times on one response key (work key), and then responded once on a second response key (reinforcement key). For one group, an external discriminative stimulus signalled completion of the response requirement on the work key, while no stimulus change was programmed for the other group. Clonazepam (0.06-0.75 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in percentage of reinforced runs and rate of responding for both groups. The magnitude of the accuracy-decreasing effect was generally greater in the group without the external discriminative stimulus. For this group, the higher doses of clonazepam produced pronounced increases in switching to the reinforcement key before completing the minimum requirement of eight consecutive responses on the work key. No consistent patterns of errors were evident for the subjects with the added external discriminative stimulus. Although ethosuximide (20-160 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rate of responding, it had little effect on the percentage of reinforced runs or the run length distributions. These findings are consistent with previous reports indicating that clonazepam, but not ethosuximide, substantially disrupts performance under operant tasks requiring conditional discriminations. These data also suggest that the addition of an external discrimination stimulus attenuates the disruptive behavioral effects of clonazepam.

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“…He emphasized that drug effects would therefore be most easily observed under conditions of weak stimulus control but would be masked when stronger stimuli were used. Several other studies support Evans' argument, such as earlier work on rats by Wagman and Maxey (1969) and on pigeons by Laties (1972). They showed that scopolamine impaired performance on "consecutive number schedules" under weak stimulus control (self-produced cues), but had little effect when an explicit and prominent cue marked the transition from responding on one lever to responding on another.…”

Section: Pharmacological Evidence For Cholinergic Involvement In Sensmentioning

confidence: 61%

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

Iversen¹,

Iversen²,

Snyder³

1988

608

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The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide and methyl scopolamine hydrobromide upon the discrimination of interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

Behavior of Rats Under Fixed Consecutive Number Schedules: Effects of Drugs of Abuse

Behavior of Rats Under Fixed Consecutive Number Schedules: Effects of Drugs of Abuse

Effects of clonazepam and ethosuximide on the responding of pigeons under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule with and without an external discriminative stimulus

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

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