“…In addition to overt discrimination, marginalized or underserved populations can experience difficulties stemming from the perception that their affiliate groups have lower social positions with less power ( Kim and Baek, 2021 ). Marginalization theory posits that the more one is underprivileged (e.g., those with a migration background, cultural, ethnic, and racial minorities), the more one is aware of society’s unfair gaze or treatment ( Crocker et al, 1998 ; Issmer and Wagner, 2015 ).…”