The effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels

Kioukia‐Fougia, Nassia; Αντωνίου, Κατερίνα; Bekris, Stathis; Liapi, Charis; Christofidis, Ion; Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z.

doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00297-4

Cited by 101 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Previous studies demonstrated that the function and weight of adrenal glands is adversely effected by various stressful factors. [53][54][55][56] So the increased weights of adrenal glands are also considered to be related to stress responses, induced by the administration of ZnO SM20(+) NPs, which is consistent with the decreased body-weight gain in the group.…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

Prenatal development toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

An¹,

Hong²,

Park³

et al. 2014

IJN

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This study investigated the potential adverse effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles ([ZnO SM20(+) NPs] zinc oxide nanoparticles, positively charged, 20 nm) on pregnant dams and embryo–fetal development after maternal exposure over the period of gestational days 5–19 with Sprague-Dawley rats. ZnO SM20(+) NPs were administered to pregnant rats by gavage at 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day. All dams were subjected to a cesarean section on gestational day 20, and all of the fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations. Toxicity in the dams manifested as significantly decreased body weight after administration of 400 mg/kg/day NPs; reduced food consumption after administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day NPs; and decreased liver weight and increased adrenal glands weight after administration of 400 mg/kg/day NPs. However, no treatment-related difference in: number of corpora lutea; number of implantation sites; implantation rate (%); resorption; dead fetuses; litter size; fetal deaths and placental weights; and sex ratio were observed between the groups. On the other hand, significant decreases between treatment groups and controls were seen for fetal weights after administration of 400 mg/kg/day NPs. Morphological examinations of the fetuses demonstrated significant differences in incidences of abnormalities in the group administered 400mg/kg/day. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the Zn content of fetal tissue between the control and high-dose groups. These results showed that oral doses for the study with 15-days repeated of ZnO SM20(+) NPs were maternotoxic in the 200 mg/kg/day group, and embryotoxic in the 400 mg/kg/day group.

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supporting

confidence: 65%

Prenatal development toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

An¹,

Hong²,

Park³

et al. 2014

IJN

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“…The tissue data were expressed as a percentage of tissue (mg) weight vs body weight (g). Tissues were collected to determine if changes occurred at these sites following drug administration, as these organs are known to be affected by hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, particularly during increased activation of this pathway (Akana et al, 1983;Bakker et al, 1997;Kioukia-Fougia et al, 2002;Selye, 1936).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Body Temperature, Corticosterone, and Behavior Following the Administration of 5-Methoxy-Diisopropyltryptamine (‘Foxy’) to Adult Rats: a New Drug of Abuse

Williams

Herring

Schaefer

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Many drugs are used or abused in social contexts without understanding the ramifications of their use. In this study, we examined the effects of a newly popular drug, 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MEO-DIPT; 'foxy' or 'foxy-methoxy'). Two experiments were performed. In the first, 5-MEO-DIPT (0, 10, or 20 mg/kg) was administered to rats four times on a single day and animals were examined 3 days later. The animals that received 5-MEO-DIPT demonstrated hypothermia during the period of drug administration and delayed mild hyperthermic rebound for at least 48 h. Corticosterone levels in plasma were elevated in a dose-dependent manner compared to saline-treated animals with minor changes in 5-HT turnover and no changes in monoamine levels. In experiment 2, rats were examined in behavioral tasks following either 0 or 20 mg/kg of 5-MEO-DIPT. The animals treated with 5-MEO-DIPT showed hypoactivity and an attenuated response to ( + )-methamphetamine-induced stimulation (1 mg/kg). In a test of path integration (Cincinnati water maze), 5-MEO-DIPT-treated animals displayed deficits in performance compared to the saline-treated animals. No differences were noted in the ability of the animals to perform in the Morris water maze or on tests of novel object or place recognition. The data demonstrate that 5-MEO-DIPT alters the ability of an animal to perform certain cognitive tasks, while leaving others intact and disrupts the endocrine system. 5-MEO-DIPT may have the potential to induce untoward effects in humans.

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“…One example would be the change in cytokine production in the elderly, with cytokines from the Th2 response, such as IL-10 and IL-4, taking over from those typical for Th1 response, such as IFN-γ and IL-12 (Rink et al 1998). Others are stress-induced thymus changes in both animals (Kioukia-Fougia et al 2002) and humans (Gruver and Sempowski 2008), which are characteristic of normal ageing (Singh and Singh 1979), but also molecular changes seen as telomere shortening in chronically stressed (Epel et al 2004) that also progressively occur with age (Cherif et al 2003;Mikhelson and Gamaley 2008).…”

Section: Ageing Stress and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system

Vitlić

Lord

Phillips

2014

AGE

103

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The immune response is essential for keeping an organism healthy and for defending it from different types of pathogens. It is a complex system that consists of a large number of components performing different functions. The adequate and controlled interaction between these components is necessary for a robust and strong immune response. There are, however, many factors that interfere with the way the immune response functions. Stress and ageing now consistently appear in the literature as factors that act upon the immune system in the way that is often damaging. This review focuses on the role of stress and ageing in altering the robustness of the immune response first separately, and then simultaneously, discussing the effects that emerge from their interplay. The special focus is on the psychological stress and the impact that it has at different levels, from the whole system to the individual molecules, resulting in consequences for physical health.

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The effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels

Cited by 101 publications

References 47 publications

Prenatal development toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

Prenatal development toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats

Alterations in Body Temperature, Corticosterone, and Behavior Following the Administration of 5-Methoxy-Diisopropyltryptamine (‘Foxy’) to Adult Rats: a New Drug of Abuse

Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system

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