“…In the existing literature, there are many studies that assess the potential of different types of slag from the production and refining of various metals to substitute sand in concrete. Possible such substitutes are steel slag (Rahmawati & Saputro, 2018), slag from the refining of lead and zinc (Tripathi & Chaudhary, 2016), and rapid cooling electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (Kim, Koh, & Pyo, 2016). Other industrial wastes, such as palm oil clinker, coal bottom ash (Ong, Mo, Alengaram, Jumaat, & Ling, 2018), fly ash (Rafieizonooz et al., 2017), fixated phosphate industry waste (Lieberman et al., 2018), and waste from granite and marble processing (Singh, Tiwari, Nagar, & Agrawal, 2016) can also be used to partially replace sand.…”