The effects of surface compliance on greyhound galloping dynamics

Hayati, Hasti; Eager, David; Walker, Paul

doi:10.1177/1464419319858544

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It was also observed that the hind-leg accelerations in the dorsal-ventral direction were almost fifteen times the animals weight. This fact is consistent with the high rate of hind-leg injuries evident in the literature [23,27,28,38], as well as its main role in powering the locomotion [36].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…This is despite the fact that tarsal injuries are frequently seen on sand tracks [27,43]. Moreover, in a previous study conducted by Hayati et.al [28] where the greyhound’s hind-leg and the underneath surface were mathematically modelled, it has proven that surface compliance affects the dynamics of the hind-leg during galloping gait.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have been used in racing activities throughout history because of their unique sprinting capability. Due to the inherent hazards of racing [23] as well as environmental factors such as track designs [24,25,26], the rate of injuries, specifically muscloskeletal injuries of the rear legs, in these canines is high [23,25,26,27,28]. For instance, in the latest report published by the Greyhound Welfare and Integrity Commission (GWIC) New South Wales in the second quarter of 2019 the total injury rate was 32.9 per 1000 greyhounds raced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Agile Canine Gait Characteristics Using Accelerometry

Hayati

Mahdavi

Eager

2019

Sensors

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The high rate of severe injuries associated with racing greyhounds poses a significant problem for both animal welfare and the racing industry. Using accelerometry to develop a better understanding of the complex gait of these agile canines may help to eliminate injury contributing factors. This study used a single Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) equipped with a tri-axial accelerometer to characterise the galloping of thirty-one greyhounds on five different race tracks. The dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior accelerations were analysed in both the time and frequency domains. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Morlet wavelet transform were applied to signals. The time-domain signals were synced with the corresponding high frame rate videos of the race. It was observed that the acceleration peaks in the dorsal-ventral accelerations correspond to the hind-leg strikes which were noted to be fifteen times the greyhound’s weight. The FFT analysis showed that the stride frequencies in all tracks were around 3.5 Hz. The Morlet wavelet analysis also showed a reduction in both the frequency and magnitude of signals, which suggests a speed reduction throughout the race. Also, by detecting abrupt changes along the track, the wavelet analysis highlighted potentially hazardous locations on the track. In conclusion, the methods applied in this research contribute to animal safety and welfare by eliminating the factors leading to injuries through optimising the track design and surface type.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Agile Canine Gait Characteristics Using Accelerometry

Hayati

Mahdavi

Eager

2019

Sensors

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“…UTS has been providing the Australasian greyhound industry with technical advice for more than 5 years in an effort to reduce race related injuries and improve the welfare of the greyhounds. Throughout this period, UTS has used several different devices and methods for analyses including inertial measurement units (IMU) [9][10][11][12], drone-based tracking, high-frame-rate (HFR) video capture [13], track survey data [14], paw print analysis [15], track soil spring-force analysis [16][17][18], track maintenance data [19], race computer simulation and modelling [20], and greyhound injury data [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Racing Greyhound Path Following Dynamics Using a Tracking System

Eager

Hossain

Ishac

et al. 2021

Animals

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The University of Technology Sydney (UTS) has been working closely with the Australasian greyhound industry for more than 5 years to reduce greyhound race-related injuries. During this period, UTS has developed and deployed several different techniques including inertial measurement units, drones, high-frame-rate cameras, track geometric surveys, paw print analysis, track soil spring-force analysis, track maintenance data, race injury data, race computer simulation and modelling to assist in this task. During the period where the UTS recommendations have been adopted, the injury rate has dropped significantly. This has been achieved by animal welfare interventions that lower racing congestion, and lower transient forces and jerk rates the greyhounds experience during a race. This study investigated the use of a greyhound location tracing system where small and lightweight signal emitting devices were placed inside a pocket in the jackets of racing greyhounds. The system deployed an enhanced version of a player tracking system currently used to track the motion of human athletes. Greyhounds gallop at speeds of almost 20 m/s and are known to change their heading direction to exceed a yaw rate of 0.4 rad/s. The high magnitudes of velocity, acceleration and jerk posed significant technical challenges, as the greyhounds pushed the human tracking system beyond its original design limits. Clean race data gathered over a six-month period were analysed and presented for a typical 2-turn greyhound racing track. The data confirmed that on average, greyhounds ran along a path that resulted in the least energy wastage, which includes smooth non-linear paths that resemble easement curves at the transition between the straights to the semi-circular bends. This study also verified that the maximum jerk levels greyhounds experienced while racing were lower than the jerk levels that had been predicted with simulations and modelling for the track path. Furthermore, the results from this study show the possibility of such a systems deployment in data gathering in similar settings to greyhound racing such as thoroughbred and harness horse racing for understanding biomechanical kinematic performance.

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“…The racing starting distance varies from 250 m at Bundaberg to 769 m at Dubbo. The most common track surface is a sandy loam [1][2][3]. The radius of the bends and the camber on the bends are not standardised within the industry and the transition between the bend and the straight results in the greyhounds being subjected to high levels of jerk [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greyhound Racing Track Lure Systems—Acoustical Measurements within and Adjacent to the Starting Boxes

et al. 2021

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This study investigates and compares the acoustic signatures of a traditional wire-cable-pulled lure system and two alternative battery-operated lure systems jointly developed by Covey Associates Pty. Ltd. and Steriline Pty. Ltd. to eliminate the hazardous steel-wire cable and make the sport of greyhound racing safer for greyhounds, participants and spectators. The acoustical measurements of these three lure systems were conducted at the Murray Bridge greyhound racing track. The lure sounds were measured by the high-frequency Brüel & Kjær (B&K) Type 4191 microphones for the 395 m and 455 m starts at two positions: within the starting box and on the track adjacent to the starting boxes. The measurements capture the sounds that the greyhounds hear before and after the opening of the starting box gate. The frequency-domain analysis and sound quality analysis were conducted to compare the lure sounds. It was found when the battery-lure was installed with all nylon rollers, it presented less sound energy and lower frequency than the traditional wire-cable-pulled lure. When two of the nylon rollers were replaced with steel rollers, the battery-operated lure emitted a louder and higher frequency sound than the traditional wire-cable-pulled lure. The different acoustic characteristics of these lure systems suggest future research is warranted on the reaction of greyhounds to different lure sounds, particularly their excitement level within the starting box as the lure approaches. This initial research also suggests some greyhounds may not clearly hear the battery-operated lure with all nylon rollers approaching the starting boxes and the timing of these greyhounds to jump may be delayed, particularly during high wind conditions.

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The effects of surface compliance on greyhound galloping dynamics

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

Analysis of Agile Canine Gait Characteristics Using Accelerometry

Analysis of Agile Canine Gait Characteristics Using Accelerometry

Analysis of Racing Greyhound Path Following Dynamics Using a Tracking System

Greyhound Racing Track Lure Systems—Acoustical Measurements within and Adjacent to the Starting Boxes

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