The effects of sustained vertical gaze deviation on the resting state of the vergence system

Heuer, Herbert; Dunkel-Abels, Gerhard; Brüwer, M.; Kröger, Heinz; Römer, Thomas; Wischmeier, Erhard

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(88)90065-x

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…During such a period dark vergence tends to drift toward smaller angles (larger distances; Heuer, 1988); the same drift has been observed when heterophoria rather than dark vergence was measured (Heuer, 1986), (b) Second is prolonged binocular inspection of a near stimulus. This leads to an increase of dark vergence corresponding to a smaller distance (e.g., Heuer et al, 1988); again, the same change has been found with measurements of heterophoria (Shebilske, Karmiohl, & Proffitt, 1983). (c) Third and most important for the purpose of the present experiments is the change of resting vergence contingent on changes of the vertical direction of gaze (Heuer, 1988; Heuer, Brüwer, & Wischmeyer, 1989; Heuer & Owens, 1989).…”

Section: The Resting Level Of the Vergence System And The Vergence-ef...supporting

confidence: 79%

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Apparent size as a function of vertical gaze direction: New tests of an old hypothesis.

Heuer¹,

Wischmeyer²,

Brüwer³

et al. 1991

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The hypothesis was tested that the decline of apparent size with elevated gaze results from a latent tendency of the eyes to diverge and thus increased vergence effort. Through the use of a method of category estimation, the decline of apparent size on elevation or depression of gaze was found not to be different between subjects with larger or smaller changes of dark vergence and thus vergence effort. In a 2nd experiment, vergence effort was varied by varying gaze elevation and the angle of convergence. With vergence effort constant, apparent size was dependent on the angle of convergence rather than being constant. It is concluded that apparent size does not depend on vergence effort and that the effect of gaze elevation on apparent size cannot be attributed to its concomitant effect on dark vergence.

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Section: The Resting Level Of the Vergence System And The Vergence-ef...supporting

confidence: 79%

“…Therefore, we preferred a method that required a constant inclination of gaze for a few minutes. During such periods the effect of gaze inclination on dark vergence was shown to be fairly stable (Heuer et al, 1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparent size as a function of vertical gaze direction: New tests of an old hypothesis.

Heuer¹,

Wischmeyer²,

Brüwer³

et al. 1991

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Maintenance of fixation in elevated gaze should therefore create an exophoric shift, and fixation of a low point should cause esophoria. Heuer et al (1988) reported exactly such a shift in vergence resting state in response to raised and lowered gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Vertical gaze direction and postural adjustment: An extension of the Heuer model.

Mon-Williams¹,

Burgess-Limerick²,

Plooy³

et al. 1999

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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The authors provide a consideration of the vergence system and suggest an extension of the original model proposed by H. Heuer, M. Drawer, T. Romer, H. Kroger, and H. Knapp (1991) to explain why preferred vertical gaze angle is downward when fixating proximal targets. The practical implication of the revised model is that heterophoria (open-loop vergence bias) provides an indication of potential vergence effort. The extended model has several advantages: It allows for modification of workstations, is consistent with models of the accommodation and vergence system, is compatible with clinical data, and provides a more complete explanation of extant research data. The extended model was able to predict oculomotor responses, explain postural adjustments, and provide economically useful data. This article is concerned with the issue of why observers prefer to view proximal targets with declined gaze. We modify an extant model that relates this phenomenon to the angle of ocular vergence, and we suggest a simple method of assessing the relationship between vertical gaze direction and vergence effort. We then extend our research to explore the interactions between preferred gaze angle and postural adjustment in

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“…Still others (e.g., Kinsbourne & Duffy) object to the application of the near-far distinction to the specializations of the dorsal and ventral neural pathways. In response, I must first point out the many visual scientists -including Helmholtz and Gibson -who have noted the important ecological links between the UVF and far vision and between the LVF and near vision (see Heuer et al 1988). Indeed, one would have difficulty in interpreting even the most basic LVF-UVF differences without recourse to these overarching relationships.…”

Section: Conceptual Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1977). A further link between vergence distance and height in the field has recently been demonstrated, with divergence accompanying elevation of the head or eyes into the UVF and convergence accompanying their descent into the LVF (Heuer et al 1988). It is not surprising, therefore, that visual search and saccadic scanning in far visual space are more efficiently performed in the UVF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications

Previc¹

1990

Behav Brain Sci

618

516

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Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans is analyzed in relation to the origins of the primate visual system. Processing differences between the vertical hemifields are related to the distinction between near (peripersonal) and far (extrapersonal) space, which are biased toward the lower and upper visual fields, respectively. Nonlinear/global processing is required in the lower visual field in order to pergeive the optically degraded and diplopic images in near vision, whereas objects in far vision are searched for and recognized primarily using linear/local perceptual mechanisms. The functional differences between near and far visual space are correlated with their disproportionate representations in the dorsal and ventral divisions of visual association cortex, respectively, and in the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways that project to them. Advances in far visual capabilities and forelimb manipulatory skills may have led to a significant enhancement of these functional specializations.

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The effects of sustained vertical gaze deviation on the resting state of the vergence system

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Apparent size as a function of vertical gaze direction: New tests of an old hypothesis.

Apparent size as a function of vertical gaze direction: New tests of an old hypothesis.

Vertical gaze direction and postural adjustment: An extension of the Heuer model.

Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications

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