“…Previous evaluations on the effect of VG in channel flow reported a significant increase in terms of local heat transfer augmentation (Fiebig et al, 1991;Lei et al, 2017;Lertnuwat, 2022;Rajesh Kanna et al, 2017;Xu et al, 2017). In other engineering applications, VG is used to delay the flow separation hence the aerodynamic drag reduction in turbulence flow (Gao et al, 2020;Kasai et al, 2018;Lo and Kontis, 2016;Patil et al, 2021;Zhao et al, 2017) and improvement in terms of vehicle stability during the cruise (Katz, 2006).…”