The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for emotional disorders.

Abstract

D iagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders are among the most common and disabling health conditions worldwide (Murray et al., 2012; World Health Organization, 2017). It was once thought that these conditions could only be treated with pharmacological therapies or that they required lengthy and intensive talking cures. The advent and empirical evidence for cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) changed this and suggested that brief therapies that were symptom focused and emphasized themes of the present could efficaciously target symptoms of internalizing pathologies (Rush et al., 1977). The development of CBTs can be traced back to the work of Ellis (1962) and Beck (1963), who highlighted the role of biased thinking processes in the onset and maintenance of psychopathology. Consequently, Beck and Ellis developed therapeutic protocols, cognitive therapy (CT) and rational therapy, respectively, that addressed biases in thinking by the use of psychoeducation and logicorational procedures as well as behavioral strategies aimed at changing cognition. With posterity, these therapies have been branded as the "second wave" of CBTs in an attempt to describe historical changes in the field. Beck has twice expanded the theory that underlies CBTs (Beck, 1996;Beck & Haigh, 2014), but the core principles remain much the same. The historical precursors to the CBTs were the behavior theories that ignored or downplayed the role of cognition in influencing behavior, now sometimes referred to as the "first wave" of CBTs. The behavior therapies, which focused on associative and nonassociative learning models, highlighted that overt behavioral changes were the primary goal of therapy.

Explaining the efficacy of an internet-based behavioral activation intervention for major depression: A mechanistic study of a randomized-controlled trial

“…It should have a more temporally sensitive design (e.g., experience sampling method), more objective measures of activation, and include other variables (e.g., cognitive varia bles). Such research may also benefit from experimental manipulation of mediator levels (e.g., component analysis) (Emmelkamp et al, 2014) and micro-trials using experimental designs, such as RCTs with temporally sensitive designs (Brouwer et al, 2020;Slofstra et al, 2018), to reach firm (causal) conclusions (Lorenzo-Luaces, Lemmens, Keefe, & Bockting, 2021).…”

Attitudes and (Mis)information About Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on TikTok: An Analysis of Video Content

“…Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely studied form of psychotherapy [ 1 ]. CBT is efficacious for internalizing disorders like depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [ 2 ]. For some clinical problems (eg, insomnia, obsessive-compulsive disorder), CBT is the only empirically supported treatment.…”

Mechanistic pathways of change in twice weekly versus once weekly sessions of psychotherapy for depression

“…For example, an often investigated potential common therapy process is the therapeutic alliance, defined as the working relationship between the therapist and patient (Flückiger, Del, Wampold, & Horvath, 2018). On the other hand, change in dysfunctional thinking is a therapy process hypothesized to be specific to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), one of the most investigated psychotherapies for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979;Lorenzo-luaces, Lemmens, Keefe, Cuijpers, & Bockting, 2021). Despite the many studies that focused on identifying the therapy processes that are responsible for improvement during psychotherapy for depression, it remains unclear which exact therapy processes are responsible for a reduction in depressive symptoms (Lemmens, Müller, Arntz, & Huibers, 2016).…”