The efficacy of EO waters on inactivating norovirus and hepatitis A virus in the presence of organic matter

Fang, Jianlong; Cannon, Jennifer L.; Hung, Yen‐Con

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.011

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Such differences in disinfection efficacy between suspension and surface assays have been reported for other products and other microorganisms (16,20). In addition to being suspended in a complex matrix and present in aggregated form (20)(21)(22), desiccation on surfaces may reduce physical access of the disinfectant to the virus particles (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…One explanation for this observation may be the high purity of the VLPs used in receptor-binding assays, which of course would have a very low chlorine demand, relative to the clarified 20% human NoV inoculum used in RT-qPCR experiments. As stated above, both virus aggregation and association with organic matter confer protective effects on the virus when exposed to physical and chemical stresses (16,22). Another explanation may be the resolution of the receptorbinding assay, which encompasses an only 1-to 2-log 10 VLP concentration, much less than can be accommodated in a quantitative molecular assay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manipulating the pH-dependent aqueous chemistry of electrolyzed water to a near neutral pH ensures that the HOCl Ϫ molecule predominates (14). Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; pH 7) has been shown to be effective at reducing or eliminating bacterial pathogens (14) and cultivable human NoV surrogates, e.g., murine norovirus (15,16). However, its ability to inactivate human NoV has not been established.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Inactivation of Human Norovirus

Moorman

Montazeri

Jaykus

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Persistence on surfaces and resistance to many conventional disinfectants contribute to widespread transmission of norovirus. We examined the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; pH 7) for inactivation of human NoV GII.4 Sydney in suspension (ASTM method 1052-11) and on stainless steel surfaces (ASTM method 1053-11) with and without an additional soil load. The impact of the disinfectant on viral capsid was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RTqPCR; with an RNase pretreatment), SDS-PAGE, transmission electron microscopy, and a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor-binding assay. These studies were done in parallel with those using Tulane virus (TuV), a cultivable human NoV surrogate. Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm free available chlorine produced a 4.8-and 0.4-log 10 reduction in NoV genome copy number after 1 min in suspension and on stainless steel, respectively. Increasing the contact time on surfaces to 5, 10, 15, and 30 min reduced human NoV genomic copies by 0.5, 1.6, 2.4, and 5.0 log 10 and TuV infectious titers by 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, and 4.1 log 10 PFU, respectively. Increased soil load effectively eliminated antiviral efficacy regardless of testing method and virus. Exposure to NEW induced a near complete loss of receptor binding (5 ppm, 30 s), degradation of VP1 major capsid protein (250 ppm, 5 min), and increased virus particle aggregation (150 ppm, 30 min). Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm shows promise as an antinoroviral disinfectant when used on precleaned stainless steel surfaces.IMPORTANCE Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission occurs by fecal-oral or vomitus-oral routes. The persistence of norovirus on contaminated environmental surfaces exacerbates its spread, as does its resistance to many conventional disinfectants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antinoroviral efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), a novel chlorine-based disinfectant that can be used at reduced concentrations, making it more environmentally friendly and less corrosive than bleach. An industrial-scale electrochemical activation device capable of producing relatively stable electrolyzed water at a wide pH range was used in this study. Experiments showed that 250 ppm NEW effectively eliminated (defined as a 5-log 10 reduction) human norovirus GII.4 Sydney (epidemic strain) on clean stainless steel surfaces after a 30-min exposure. Supporting studies showed that, like bleach, NEW causes inactivation by disrupting the virus capsid. This product shows promise as a bleach alternative with antinoroviral efficacy.KEYWORDS disinfection, environmental contamination, norovirus, public health, surrogate, virus inactivation H uman norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide (1). Despite its prominence as a foodborne pathogen (2), the majority of disease burden is caused by direct contact with infected individu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Inactivation of Human Norovirus

Moorman

Montazeri

Jaykus

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In addition, fungi, blood viruses and toxins can also be effectively sterilized by EOW. [18][19][20][21][22] EOW is a safe disinfectant that has been conrmed harmless to the human body in various kinds of acute toxicity and subacute toxicity experiments. With the deepening of EOW research, its application scope has been expanded to medical and health care, food safety, crop growth, pest control and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of platinum electrode materials and electrolysis processes on the preparation of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water and slightly acidic electrolyzed water

et al. 2019

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“…The acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEOW) is synthesized by electrolyzing the NaCl solution (<0.1 g per 100 mL) in an electrolysis chamber and has been recognized as an environmentally friendly and highly effective antimicrobial agent to reduce the foodborne pathogens on the fresh food. 4,5 Generally, AEOW has a low pH (<2.8), high oxidation-reduction potential (ORP > 1050 mV), and high available chlorine concentration (ACC is greater than 5 mg L À1 ). 6 Park et al found that AEOW treatment completely eliminates Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli (O157 : H7) from lettuce and spinach leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%