The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field

Grimison, Charles; Knight, Emma R.; Nguyen, Thi Minh Hong; Nagle, Nathan; Kabiri, Shervin; Bräunig, Jennifer; Navarro, Divina A.; Kookana, Rai S.; Higgins, Christopher P.; McLaughlin, Michael J.; Mueller, Jochen F.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130441

Cited by 23 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Overall, the optimal washing cycles for soil remediation will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and concentration of contaminants present in the soil, as well as site-specific conditions, such as soil texture and moisture content. A thorough site assessment and careful planning are essential for achieving effective and sustainable results with soil washing 7 , 32 . In Rui and coworkers' study, 3 time washing was reported as an optimum multi-step washing to remediation of pollutants 33 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of soil washing method for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil around oil storage tanks using response surface methodology

Zoghi,

Mafigholami

2023

Sci Rep

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Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), which are often found in soil, water, sediments, and air. These compounds are a type of pollutant that can have a serious negative impact on living things and human health. Soil washing method is a remediation technique used to remove contaminants from the soil. This process involves the use of water or other solvents to extract contaminants from the soil, followed by separation and disposal of the contaminated solution. This research engineered the effectiveness of soil washing method to remove TPHs from a genuine, sullied soil sample. After analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the Box-Benken Design (BBD) technique was used to optimize the variables that influence the process's effectiveness. A quadratic model was suggested based on the BBD design, correlation coefficients, and other factors. The minimum, maximum and mean removal of TPHs during the stages of the study were 63.5, 94.5 and 76.7%, respectively. The correlation between the variables was strong, as shown by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-value (1064.5) and P-value (0.0001), and the proposed model was highly significant. The most effective soil washing method (SWM) was obtained with pH 7.8, liquid to solid ratio 50:1, reaction time 52 min, surfactant concentration 7.9 mg kg−1, and three washings. A removal rate of 98.8% was accomplished for TPHs from the soil in this context. The kinetic results indicate that the kinetic of TPHs removal follows the first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.96). There was not a major difference in the process's efficiency based on temperature. The removal efficiency heightened from 0 to 150 rpm and then remained steady. Introducing air flow increased the rate of removal, and the combination of ultrasonic waves with the reaction environment increased the process efficiency and decreased the time for the process and the amount of times it needed to be washed. An analysis of the washed soil both physically and chemically revealed a substantial decrease in the concentration of other elements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of soil washing method for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil around oil storage tanks using response surface methodology

Zoghi,

Mafigholami

2023

Sci Rep

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“…PFAS separation from soil by washing (Grimison et al, 2023) is receiving growing attention. For PFAS‐impacted soil, assessing effectiveness is limited to analytes using accepted methods.…”

Section: Remediation Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These also produce much less-concentrated, hence higher-volume, waste streams relative to the other approaches, increasing the costs of the overall treatment. PFAS separation from soil by washing (Grimison et al, 2023) is receiving growing attention. For PFAS-impacted soil, assessing effectiveness is limited to analytes using accepted methods.…”

Section: Separation and Immobilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of grouping per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances for contaminated site regulation

Bowles,

Anderson,

Anderson

et al. 2024

Remediation Journal

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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a broad group of persistent organic compounds with vastly differing physicochemical and toxicological properties. Some jurisdictions have proposed to regulate PFAS as a single class to overcome the limitations of regulating such a diverse group on a chemical‐by‐chemical basis. Implications of regulating PFAS as a single class have been discussed for PFAS production and use, but equivalent discussion of implications for managing contaminated sites is largely lacking. This opinion piece summarizes the views of a group of environmental consultants, environmental regulators, land managers, and academics with significant experience in researching or managing PFAS. The group considered that neither a single PFAS class approach nor a chemical‐by‐chemical approach is well suited to managing risks from PFAS in a contaminated site setting, and defining PFAS subgroups would have value. Second, some but not all in the group, hypothesize that PFAS properties that drive fate and transport are those that influence toxicity and bioaccumulation in animals. This may be a valuable observation for future discussions on dividing PFAS into subclasses for contaminated site regulation based on physicochemical properties rather than purely structural definitions.

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“…Immobilisation technologies like S/S have been shown to be effective in binding PFAS but a significant downside is that the contamination ultimately remains at the site, with short-chain PFAS potentially breaking through over time, and the long-term stability of amendments is still unknown which limits their use and application as a long-term solution (Bolan et al, 2021;Goldenman et al, 2019;Mahinroosta and Senevirathna, 2020;Ross et al, 2018;Sörengård et al, 2021). Thermal treatment of soil at high temperatures (>1000 °C) can destroy PFAS, but at lower temperatures (500-600 °C) it may vaporize and generate PFAS transformation byproducts that can be released into the air if not captured and treated (Held and Reinhard, 2020;Ok et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2015Wang et al, , 2022 Soil washing can likewise have high removal efficiencies but its effectiveness varies for individual PFAS and type of soil (Grimison et al, 2023).…”

Section: Ranking and Associated Impacts Of The Pfas Remediation Alter...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Pfas Soil Remediation Alternatives at a Civilian Airport Using Cost-Benefit Analysis

Drenning¹,

Volchko²,

Ahrens

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Optimisation of soil washing method for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil around oil storage tanks using response surface methodology

Optimisation of soil washing method for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil around oil storage tanks using response surface methodology

Implications of grouping per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances for contaminated site regulation

Comparison of Pfas Soil Remediation Alternatives at a Civilian Airport Using Cost-Benefit Analysis

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