The Eggshell Proteome Yields Insight Into Its Antimicrobial Protection

Rose-Martel, Megan; Hincke, Maxwell T.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800879-9.00015-9

Cited by 2 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…A number of antimicrobial proteins such as lysozyme, Ovotransferrin, Ovocalyxin-25, Ovocalyxin-32, Ovocalyxin-36, cystatin, Ovoinhibitor, vitellogenin-2, and Ovostatin have been identified in the proteomic analysis of the chicken egg cuticle [20,26,30,31]. Among these, Ovotransferrin inhibits the growth of Gram-negative Salmonella by binding and sequestering iron (Fe 3+ ), which is an essential nutrient [21,77]. The adherence of bacteria to host cells, or to inanimate surfaces, is mediated by adhesins, which recognize and bind to specific receptors on the host cell surfaces [78,79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Kulshreshtha

Benavides-Reyes

Rodríguez‐Navarro

et al. 2021

Foods

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The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today’s consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eggshell and its cuticle are the first line of defense against adhering and penetrating microorganisms, providing both protection from pathogens and a robust container for the egg's contents [20,21]. Microbial pathogens may enter the egg through respiratory pores that perforate the eggshell [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Kulshreshtha

Benavides-Reyes

Rodríguez‐Navarro

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…In chicken eggs, the non-vesicular outer cuticle layer is composed of proteins/glycoproteins (85-90%), carbohydrates (4-5%), lipids (2.5-3.5%) (20)(21)(22)(23). These macromolecules play a vital role in both physical and chemical antimicrobial defense mechanisms to restrict the entry and growth of invading pathogens (24,25,27). The cuticle is mostly organic with high protein content (approaching 90%) and possessing a high content of glycine (9.3-15.2%), glutamic acid (10.7-18.7%), and tyrosine (7.1-9.0%) (22,23).…”

Section: Proteins and Peptides Constituents Of The Cuticlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cuticle proteome has been characterized in chicken eggs. A number of them have been identified in various egg components including eggshell matrix and egg white, and characterized using SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, colloidalgold immunocytochemistry and LC/MS/MS proteomic analysis (11,24,25,32,162). It remains unclear whether the solid-phase, dehydrated nature of the cuticle layer allows these proteins/ enzymes to fully express their solution activities.…”

Section: Cuticle Proteins With Known Biological Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, macromolecular components of the cuticle such as glycoproteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and abundant antibacterial proteins (e.g., lysozyme C, ovotransferrin, ovocalyxin-32 (OCX-32), ovocleidin-17(OC-17), constitute the basis for its antimicrobial activity (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Thus, the cuticle provides both physical (5,17,28,29) and chemical barriers against microbial aggression (24)(25)(26)(30)(31)(32)(33). These barriers are critical for successful reproduction in egglaying species, and moreover, serve to maintain food safety of the nutritious table egg for human consumption (34).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Properties, Genetics and Innate Immune Function of the Cuticle in Egg-Laying Species

et al. 2022

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Cleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles.

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The Eggshell Proteome Yields Insight Into Its Antimicrobial Protection

Cited by 2 publications

References 59 publications

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Properties, Genetics and Innate Immune Function of the Cuticle in Egg-Laying Species

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