The EIMB Hydrogel Microarray Technology: Thirty Years Later

Abstract

Biological microarrays (biochips) are analytical tools that can be used to implement complex integrative genomic and proteomic approaches to the solution of problems of personalized medicine (e.g., patient examination in order to reveal the disease long before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, assess the severity of pathological or infectious processes, and choose a rational treatment). The efficiency of biochips is predicated on their ability to perform multiple parallel specific reactions and to allow one to study the interactions of biopolymer molecules, such as DNA, proteins, glycans, etc. One of the pioneers of microarray technology was the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (EIMB), with its suggestion to immobilize molecular probes in the three-dimensional structure of a hydrophilic gel. Since the first experiments on sequencing by hybridization on oligonucleotide microarrays conducted some 30 years ago, the hydrogel microarrays designed at the EIMB have come a long and successful way from basic research to clinical laboratory diagnostics. This review discusses the key aspects of hydrogel microarray technology and a number of state-ofthe-art approaches for a multiplex analysis of DNA and the protein biomarkers of socially significant diseases, including the molecular genetic, immunological, and epidemiological aspects of pathogenesis. KEYWORDS hydrogel microarrays, nucleic acid hybridization, multiplex immunochemical assay, antimicrobial drug resistance, genotyping, tumor markers. ABBREVIATIONS NAs -nucleic acids; NGS -next-generation sequencing; FDA -Food and Drug Administration (USA); MTB -Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causative agent of tuberculosis; NTM -non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causative agents of mycobacteriosis; HCV -hepatitis C virus; RMP -rifampin; INH -isoniazid; EMBethambutol; MDR -multidrug resistance; XDR -extensive drug resistance; RTIs -reproductive tract infections; AMD -antimicrobial drugs; CRC -colorectal carcinoma; CEA -carcinoembryonic antigen; CA -carbohydrate antigen. REVIEWS VOL. 10 № 4 (39) 2018 | ACTA NATURAE | 5

Multiplex Autoantibody Detection in Patients with Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes

“…Molecular profiling of autoantibodies in serum samples was performed using hydrogel-based low-density microarrays [ 42 ]. Preparation of surfaces, mixture of gel monomers, polymerization and blocking of microarrays were carried out as described earlier [ 43 ].…”

Novel Gene Mutations Regulating Immune Responses in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome With an Atypical Course

“…Molecular profiling of auto-Abs to interferons in serum samples was performed using a hydrogel-based, low-density microarray [ 26 ]. Antigen microarrays containing immobilized interferon omega (300 µg in 1 mL of the hydrogel, PeproTech) and interferon-α (300 µg in 1 mL of the hydrogel, PBL Assay Science) were incubated with patient serum.…”

Molecular Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates in Russia, 2018–2019: A Link Between penA Alleles and NG-MAST Types

“…Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance were identified using an oligonucleotide hydrogel-based low-density microarray as described previously [ 34 , 35 ]. The analyzed determinants associated with resistance to penicillin G [ 12 , 23 ] were as follows: mutations in the ponA gene resulting in the amino acid substitution Leu421Pro in penicillin-binding protein 1 (PBP1), mutations in the penA gene resulting in the insertion of an aspartate in the 345 position (insAsp345a) of PBP2, and the presence of bla TEM plasmids encoding β-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing amide bonds in penicillins.…”