The Electrical Conductivity of Sweat

deBethune, Andre J.; Licht, Truman S.; Stern, Milton; Shwachman, Harry

doi:10.1149/1.2427318

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As reported by deBethune et al , 47 the ionic conductivity in sweat can be related to the concentration of potassium, sodium, and chloride ions (the main ionic components), and thus, impedance was measured as a function of potassium and chloride ion concentration in the range 5–100 mM. The measurement of pH was determined as the shift in the peak position in the range of pH 4–10 related to the electrochemical reaction of the IAd (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

et al. 2022

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The scientific community has shown increasing interest in laser scribing for the direct fabrication of conductive graphene-based tracks on different substrates. This can enable novel routes for the noninvasive analysis of biofluids (such as sweat or other noninvasive matrices), whose results can provide the rapid evaluation of a person's health status. Here, we present a wearable sensing platform based on laser induced graphene (LIG) porous electrodes scribed on a flexible polyimide sheet, which samples sweat through a paper sampler. The device is fully laser manufactured and features a two layer design with LIG-based vertical interconnect accesses. A detailed characterization of the LIG electrodes including pore size, surface groups, surface area in comparison to electroactive surface area, and the reduction behavior of different LIG types was performed. The bare LIG electrodes can detect the electrochemical oxidation of both uric acid and tyrosine. Further modification of the surface of the LIG working electrode with an indoaniline derivative [4-((4-aminophenyl)imino)-2,6-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one] enables the voltammetric measurement of pH with an almost ideal sensitivity and without interference from other analytes. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of ions through the analysis of the sweat impedance. The device was successfully tested in a real case scenario, worn on the skin during a sports session. In vitro tests proved the non-cytotoxic effect of the device on the A549 cell line.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

et al. 2022

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“…Metabolites, such as lactate, glucose, uric acid, and electrolytes (e.g., K + , Na + , and Cl − ) from human secretion are important indicators of human health status. [ 894–897 ] Among different human secretions, sweat is among the most accessible ones by noninvasive sampling techniques (e.g., using an epidermal microfluidic device, [ 898,899 ] letting sweat naturally drip off from the skin, [ 900,901 ] and collecting the water from whole body wash [ 900,902–904 ] ). Sweat can be collected to provide human health information for medical diagnostics.…”

Section: D Materials‐based Wearable Sensors For Human Health Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalably Nanomanufactured Atomically Thin Materials‐Based Wearable Health Sensors

Zhang

Jiang

2021

Small Structures

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Wearable multimodal sensors could enable the continuous, non‐invasive, precise monitoring of vital human signals critical for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Atomically thin materials with intriguing physical characteristics, rich chemistry, and extreme sensitivity to external stimuli are attractive for implementing high‐performance wearable sensors. Despite the increased interest and efforts in 2D materials‐based wearable sensors, reducing the manufacturing and integration costs while improving the product performance remains challenging. Previous review articles provided good coverage discussing the material and device aspects of 2D materials‐based wearable devices. However, few reviews discussed the status quo, prospects, and opportunities for the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable sensors for health monitoring. To fill this gap, the recent advances in 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors are reviewed. The structure design, fabrication processing, the mechanisms of 2D materials‐based wearable health sensors, and their applications for human health monitoring are discussed. More significantly, a systematic discussion of the state‐of‐the‐art and technological gaps for enabling future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials wearable health sensors are provided. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the scalable nanomanufacturing of 2D wearable health sensors are discussed.

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“…Fundamental water thermodyanmics and solar photosensitizer constraints will be shown to be consistent with hybrid solar-to-hydrogen fuel conversion efficiencies in the 50% range, over a wide range of insolation, temperature, pressure and photosensitizer bandgap conditions. With increasing temperature, the quantitative decrease in the electrochemical potential necessary to split water to hydrogen and oxygen had been well known by the 1950's, 36 and as early as 1980 Bockris noted from this relationship, that solar thermal energy could decrease the necessary energy for the electrolytic generation of hydrogen. 37 However, the process combines elements of solid state physics, insolation and electrochemical theory, complicating rigorous theoretical support of the process.…”

Section: Development Of Hybrid Thermal Hydrogen Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cycles incorporating ZnO continue to be of active research interest. 2,[33][34][35][36] Higher temperatures, are needed for more efficient indirect solar thermal processes, such as two-step thermal chemical cycles using metal oxide reactions. 2 The first step is solar thermal, the metal oxide endothermic dissociation to a lowervalence, or to the metal.…”

Section: Indirect (Multistep) Solar Thermal H 2 Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical solar hydrogen generation

Licht

2005

Chem. Commun.

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Solar direct, indirect and hybrid thermochemical processes are presented for the generation of hydrogen and compared to alternate solar hydrogen processes. A hybrid solar thermal/electrochemical process combines efficient photovoltaics and concentrated excess sub-bandgap heat into highly efficient elevated temperature solar electrolysis of water and generation of H2 fuel utilizing the thermodynamic temperature induced decrease of E(H2O) with increasing temperature. Theory and experiment is presented for this process using semiconductor bandgap restrictions and combining photodriven charge transfer, with excess sub-bandgap insolation to lower the water potential, and their combination into highly efficient solar generation of H2 is attainable. Fundamental water thermodynamics and solar photosensitizer constraints determine solar energy to hydrogen fuel conversion efficiencies in the 50% range over a wide range of insolation, temperature, pressure and photosensitizer bandgap conditions.

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The Electrical Conductivity of Sweat

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene

Scalably Nanomanufactured Atomically Thin Materials‐Based Wearable Health Sensors

Thermochemical solar hydrogen generation

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