The Electrodeposition of Manganese from Aqueous Solutions

Bradt, W. E.; Taylor, Larry R.

doi:10.1149/1.3493973

Cited by 8 publications

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“…Early literature focused on electrowinning and consequently studied mainly the effect of bath composition, pH, current density, etc., on current efficiency, coating appearance, and power consumption. [6][7][8][9][10] Manganese could be electrodeposited from both sulfate and chloride solutions, with or without additives. A current efficiency of up to 60-70% and both ductile gamma manganese ͑body-centered tetragonal, bct, or more precisely, centered tetragonal 11 ͒ and brittle alpha manganese ͑body-centered cubic, bcc͒ could be obtained under different conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition and Characterization of Manganese Coatings

Gong¹,

Zangari²

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

112

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Manganese coatings of high quality are electrodeposited on steel substrates from simple sulfate solutions with addition of ammonium sulfate. Potentiodynamic scans and galvanostatic experiments are used to study manganese electrodeposition in a wide range of pH and current density. The effect of these variables on the microstructure, crystallography, mechanical, and corrosion-resistance properties of manganese deposits are investigated. It is found that ammonium sulfate enhances the reduction reaction of the manganese ion and provides a buffering effect. Two types of manganese deposits can be obtained depending on current density: crystalline films (type I, body-centered tetragonal γ-Mn) at low current density and amorphous films (type II) at high current density. Bright manganese films with (002) preferential orientation are electrodeposited at low pH. Type I structures show recrystallization at room temperature with phase transformation; the rate of phase transformation from γ-Mn to α-Mn (body-centered cubic) follows a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics. Crystalline films obtained at relatively high current density and low pH tend to have higher phase transformation rates. Amorphous films show good corrosion resistance both in acidic sodium sulfate/borate and sodium chloride electrolytes. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

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Electrodeposition and Characterization of Manganese Coatings

Gong¹,

Zangari²

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

112

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“…Citric acid and its salts are used as sequestrants to control deposition rates in both electroplating and electroless plating of metals (131)(132)(133)(134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). The addition of citric acid to an electroless nickel plating bath results in a smooth, hard, nonporous metal finish.…”

Section: Agricultural Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Citric Acid

Lopez-Garcia

2010

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Citric acid is a natural component and common metabolite of plants and minerals. It is the most widely used organic acid in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Because of its functionality and environmental acceptability, citric acid and its salts are used in many industrial applications for chelation, buffering, pH adjustment, and derivitization. These uses include laundry detergents, shampoos and cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and metal cleaning. This article gives details on the occurrence of citric acid in nature and its physical and chemical properties. Description of the two common methods to recover citric acid from its fermentation broth, lime‐sulfuric acid recovery and liquid extraction are given. Shipment and storage of citric acid are discussed. Various national compendial specifications for citric acid and common analytical methods are discussed. Citric acid as well as its common sodium and potassium salts forms, are considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It is biodegraded by many organisms under aerobic and anaerobic waste water treatment conditions and in the natural environment.

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“…Citric acid and its salts are used as sequestrants to control deposition rates in both electroplating and electroless plating of Vol. 6 CITRIC ACID metals (157)(158)(159)(160)(161)(162)(163)(164)(165)(166)(167)(168)(169)(170)(171)(172)(173)(174)(175). The addition of citric acid to an electroless nickel plating bath results in a smooth, hard, nonporous metal finish.…”

Section: Medical Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citric Acid

Lopez-Garcia

2002

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Citric acid is a natural component and common metabolite of plants and animals. It is the most versatile and widely used organic acid in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Because of its functionality and environmental acceptability, citric acid and its salts (primarily sodium and potassium) are used in many industrial applications for chelation, buffering, pH adjustment, and derivitization. These uses include laundry detergents, shampoos and cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and metal cleaning. This article details its occurrence in nature, the physical and chemical properties of citric acid, and commercial manufacturing, processing, shipping, and storage information. Descriptions are given of the two common methods to recover citric acid from its fermentation broth: lime‐sulfuric acid recovery and also liquid extraction. Commercial considerations including worldwide production and U.S. distribution end use are reviewed. Various national compendial specifications for citric acid and common analytical test methods are discussed. Health and safety factors including environmental concerns are addressed.

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The Electrodeposition of Manganese from Aqueous Solutions

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Electrodeposition and Characterization of Manganese Coatings

Electrodeposition and Characterization of Manganese Coatings

Citric Acid

Citric Acid

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