The electron beam curing of dialkyltin diacrylates

Davidson, R. S.; Ellis, Richard J.; Wilkinson, Susan A.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90481-b

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Various other studies devoted to monomers including heteroatoms, such as diphenylvinyl phosphine oxide obtaining polymers with polar yet aprotic properties useful as a host matrix [83], vinylsulfonamide to produce functional polymers useful as synthetic fibers, adhesives, ion exchange resins [84], vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, as a precursor of chemically stable separation membranes and resins [85], and highly reactive multifunctional acrylates including Si, Sn, or Ge atoms as a consequence of their high stopping power and/or for potential applications as high refractive index materials [86][87][88] have been reported.…”

Section: Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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Ionizing radiation has become the most effective way to modify natural and synthetic polymers through crosslinking, degradation, and graft polymerization. This review will include an in-depth analysis of radiation chemistry mechanisms and the kinetics of the radiation-induced C-centered free radical, anion, and cation polymerization, and grafting. It also presents sections on radiation modifications of synthetic and natural polymers. For decades, low linear energy transfer (LLET) ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and up to 10 MeV electron beams, has been the primary tool to produce many products through polymerization reactions. Photons and electrons interaction with polymers display various mechanisms. While the interactions of gamma ray and X-ray photons are mainly through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair-production, the interactions of the high-energy electrons take place through coulombic interactions. Despite the type of radiation used on materials, photons or high energy electrons, in both cases ions and electrons are produced. The interactions between electrons and monomers takes place within less than a nanosecond. Depending on the dose rate (dose is defined as the absorbed radiation energy per unit mass), the kinetic chain length of the propagation can be controlled, hence allowing for some control over the degree of polymerization. When polymers are submitted to high-energy radiation in the bulk, contrasting behaviors are observed with a dominant effect of cross-linking or chain scission, depending on the chemical nature and physical characteristics of the material. Polymers in solution are subject to indirect effects resulting from the radiolysis of the medium. Likewise, for radiation-induced polymerization, depending on the dose rate, the free radicals generated on polymer chains can undergo various reactions, such as inter/intramolecular combination or inter/intramolecular disproportionation, b-scission. These reactions lead to structural or functional polymer modifications. In the presence of oxygen, playing on irradiation dose-rates, one can favor crosslinking reactions or promotes degradations through oxidations. The competition between the crosslinking reactions of C-centered free radicals and their reactions with oxygen is described through fundamental mechanism formalisms. The fundamentals of polymerization reactions are herein presented to meet industrial needs for various polymer materials produced or degraded by irradiation. Notably, the medical and industrial applications of polymers are endless and thus it is vital to investigate the effects of sterilization dose and dose rate on various polymers and copolymers with different molecular structures and morphologies. The presence or absence of various functional groups, degree of crystallinity, irradiation temperature, etc. all greatly affect the radiation chemistry of the irradiated polymers. Over the past decade, grafting new chemical functionalities on solid polymers by radiation-induced polymerization (also called RIG for Radiation-Induced Grafting) has been widely exploited to develop innovative materials in coherence with actual societal expectations. These novel materials respond not only to health emergencies but also to carbon-free energy needs (e.g., hydrogen fuel cells, piezoelectricity, etc.) and environmental concerns with the development of numerous specific adsorbents of chemical hazards and pollutants. The modification of polymers through RIG is durable as it covalently bonds the functional monomers. As radiation penetration depths can be varied, this technique can be used to modify polymer surface or bulk. The many parameters influencing RIG that control the yield of the grafting process are discussed in this review. These include monomer reactivity, irradiation dose, solvent, presence of inhibitor of homopolymerization, grafting temperature, etc. Today, the general knowledge of RIG can be applied to any solid polymer and may predict, to some extent, the grafting location. A special focus is on how ionizing radiation sources (ion and electron beams, UVs) may be chosen or mixed to combine both solid polymer nanostructuration and RIG. LLET ionizing radiation has also been extensively used to synthesize hydrogel and nanogel for drug delivery systems and other advanced applications. In particular, nanogels can either be produced by radiation-induced polymerization and simultaneous crosslinking of hydrophilic monomers in “nanocompartments”, i.e., within the aqueous phase of inverse micelles, or by intramolecular crosslinking of suitable water-soluble polymers. The radiolytically produced oxidizing species from water, •OH radicals, can easily abstract H-atoms from the backbone of the dissolved polymers (or can add to the unsaturated bonds) leading to the formation of C-centered radicals. These C-centered free radicals can undergo two main competitive reactions; intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinking. When produced by electron beam irradiation, higher temperatures, dose rates within the pulse, and pulse repetition rates favour intramolecular crosslinking over intermolecular crosslinking, thus enabling a better control of particle size and size distribution. For other water-soluble biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and RNA, the abstraction of H atoms or the addition to the unsaturation by •OH can lead to the direct scission of the backbone, double, or single strand breaks of these polymers.

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Section: Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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“…In the latter case, to prevent the CF film from reacting with oxygen in air, the CF films were patched with an adhesive PI (polyimide) film tape (~10 µm thickness). In the literature, 8 oxygen has been reported to hinder the polymerization reaction during EB radiation. For each samples (10 × 10 cm), EB radiation was given in the range of 20-200 kGy and took 1-8 min for completing the radiation dose.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the various organic monomers and oligonomers, acrylates and esters are the most sensitive to EB radiation. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Second, the EB curing process does not require a photo-initiator for the polymerization reaction of a crosslinkable monomer. In contrast, UV light, which is also a nonthermal curing radiation, demands the initiator molecules for the curing reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A thin film such as the CF of 1.5 µm thickness has not been reported in the previous literature regarding EB curing. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The curing conditions and technique that enables the EB to be effectively applied to the CF need to be developed. In this study, we report the effect of EB-radiation conditions, such as EB energy, radiation dosage, and ambient oxygen, on the polymerization of the color resist spin-coated on glass and plastic substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron‐beam curing of color filters for flexible‐display applications

et al. 2009

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Abstract— Color filters spin‐coated on plastic and glass substrates have been cured by electron‐beam radiation instead of by the conventional thermal‐heating method. The electron‐beam curing of the color filters has many advantages over the thermal curing method. Electron‐beam curing is, in principle, a non‐thermal method where low‐temperature (<100°C) curing of color filters on plastic substrates can be realized for the manufacturing process of flexible display panels. A color‐filter resist having a 1.5‐μm thickness was spin‐coated on plastic (polycarbonate) and glass (corning 1737) substrates. The effect of the electron‐beam radiation conditions, such as electron‐beam energy (0.3–1.0 keV), radiation dosage (10–200 kGy), and ambient oxygen has been characterized. The degree of curing was analyzed by using the characteristic absorption peaks at 808 and 1405 cm−1 in the FT‐IR spectrum. These two peaks originate from the carbon double bonds (>C=C<) of the multi‐functional acrylate monomer which exist in the color‐filter resist. By electron‐beam radiation, the spin‐coated color filter can be effectively polymerized at

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Polymerization of Acrylic Acids and Related Compounds

Sandler

Karo

1994

Polymer Syntheses

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The electron beam curing of dialkyltin diacrylates

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Electron‐beam curing of color filters for flexible‐display applications

Polymerization of Acrylic Acids and Related Compounds

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