The Electrostatic Electron Multiplier

Zworykin, V. K.; Rajchman, Jan A.

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1939.228753

Cited by 49 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Photo-multiplier tubes were developed in the late 1930s as part of a research program at RCA. These tubes use a special cathode that emits electrons when struck by light; they then amplify the electric current over 2 million times (Zworykin and Rajchman 1939;Rajchman and Synder 1940). See Figure 2.…”

Section: Functions Serve These Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thing Knowledge - Function and Truth

Baird¹

2002

Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology

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Section: Functions Serve These Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thing Knowledge - Function and Truth

Baird¹

2002

Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology

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“…Thus, for several decades the only device in question to be used in such detectors was the photomultiplier tube (PMT) which is capable of detecting single photons. PMTs have already been developed in the early 20 th century [7]. Since then, they have improved significantly and they have been the major photon detector used in astroparticle physics experiments when a high gain and sensitivity is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of SiPMs in the fluorescence telescope FAMOUS and the Aachen Muon Detector

Kemp¹,

Bretz²,

Hebbeker³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017)

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After huge advancements in SiPM technology made in the last years, they are perfect sensors for light detection in astroparticle physics experiments. They are very robust devices and have an equal or higher photon detection efficiency than conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). In addition, SiPMs can be precisely calibrated exploiting their single photon resolution. We study their performance in various applications. FAMOUS (First Auger Multi-pixel photon counter camera for the Observation of Ultra-highenergy air Showers) is a fluorescence telescope with a 61-pixel camera made of SiPMs. It is a small sized telescope using a Fresnel lens as the focusing element. The Aachen Muon Detector (AMD) is a scintillator detector designed to improve current experiments through a precise determination of the muon content in air-showers. The light produced in scintillating tiles is collected by wavelength-shifting fibers. Through clear fibers the light is guided on one SiPM per tile.35th International Cosmic Ray Conference

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“…The 20th century was particularly rich in such breakthroughs, including the development of powerful light sources and lasers, [3] monochromators for enhanced spectral resolution, [4] and sensitive photomultipliers for optical detection. [5] With the availability of commercial spectrophotometers in laboratories in the mid-1950s, it became easier to record and compare luminescence signals and the different pathways for photon generation upon an input of energy. While the earlier works focused essentially on the studies of the two ends of matter in terms of size, namely minerals/bulk solids and small organic/inorganic molecules, recent decades have witnessed the merging of these areas and the development of new luminescent nanomaterials and molecules.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The pioneering works by these scientists are the cornerstones of the understanding of luminescence phenomena and opened the way to technological advances that boosted the field. The 20th century was particularly rich in such breakthroughs, including the development of powerful light sources and lasers, monochromators for enhanced spectral resolution, and sensitive photomultipliers for optical detection . With the availability of commercial spectrophotometers in laboratories in the mid‐1950s, it became easier to record and compare luminescence signals and the different pathways for photon generation upon an input of energy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Luminescent Materials: Metal Complexes, Clusters, and Nanomaterials

Charbonnière

2017

Eur J Inorg Chem

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Although the first reports on fluorescence and phosphorescence dated back to the 16th century, [1,2] the term "luminescence", originating from the Latin "lumen" meaning light, was only introduced in 1888 by the German physicist Eilhardt Wiedemann to encompass all the phenomena where light is produced by means other than heating.[1] Probably because it is related to our most important sense, sight, luminescence has fascinated generations of scientists; famous names such as Stokes, Kasha, Jablonsky, Becquerel(s), and many others have made impressive contributions in the field of photon emission. The pioneering works by these scientists are the cornerstones of the understanding of luminescence phenomena and opened the way to technological advances that boosted the field. The 20th century was particularly rich in such breakthroughs, including the development of powerful light sources and lasers, [3] monochromators for enhanced spectral resolution, [4] and sensitive photomultipliers for optical detection.[5] With the availability of commercial spectrophotometers in laboratories in the mid-1950s, it became easier to record and compare luminescence signals and the different pathways for photon generation upon an input of energy. While the earlier works focused essentially on the studies of the two ends of matter in terms of size, namely minerals/bulk solids and small organic/inorganic molecules, recent decades have witnessed the merging of these areas and the development of new luminescent nanomaterials and molecules. Examples include quantum dots (QDs), lanthanide nanoparticles (NPs), metal clusters, and many others, which shine like new stars in the sky of chemists, physicists, and spectroscopists, offering new avenues and applications in chemical, environmental, materials, and biological sciences.With such a long history and diverse areas of research, it is impossible to deliver a survey of luminescent compounds. Instead, our approach was to gather contributions from recognized colleagues in various fields of luminescent materials. We are grateful to all of them and their co-authors for their valuable contributions in this cluster issue and for shedding some new light on these rapidly emerging areas of research.[a]

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The Electrostatic Electron Multiplier

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Thing Knowledge - Function and Truth

Thing Knowledge - Function and Truth

The application of SiPMs in the fluorescence telescope FAMOUS and the Aachen Muon Detector

Luminescent Materials: Metal Complexes, Clusters, and Nanomaterials

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