The Elimination of Raccoon Rabies From Wolfe Island, Ontario: Animal Density and Movements

Rosatte, Rick; MacDonald, Erin; Sobey, Kirk; Donovan, Dennis M.; Bruce, Laura L.; Allan, Mike; Silver, Andrew; Bennett, Kim; Brown, L.; MacDonald, Kathryn; Gibson, Mark; Buchanan, Tore; Stevenson, Bev; Davies, C. S. L.; Wandeler, A. I.; Muldoon, Frances

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.242

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, results from other studies are contradictory because free-ranging skunks still demonstrate low population immunity in response to more commonly used ORV bait application densities (Table 1) [24, 50, 51, 68], which complicates management efforts because skunks are susceptible to spillover of raccoon rabies [11]. TVR is generally used to target animals in small areas (e.g., parks and urban neighborhoods) [69, 70, 66], but it is too labor intensive and expensive for broad-scale application [71]. This method is also used in contingency actions by the NRMP in response to ORV-zone breaches or threats of rabies spreading beyond existing zones [72].…”

Section: Rabies Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TVR was also used in an integrated point infection control (PIC) strategy in which raccoon rabies was detected across the St. Lawrence River in Ontario, Canada [71]. Rabies cases persisted until 2005, but Ontario is a much larger landscape to manage than New York, and the infection pressure from the US border states was constant [69, 71]. A TVR strategy was also used effectively in and around Flagstaff, Arizona following an outbreak of a bat rabies variant in striped skunks ( M .…”

Section: Rabies Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

et al. 2017

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Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.

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Section: Rabies Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rabies Management Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

et al. 2017

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“…For example, Arjo et al (2008) reported adult and sub-adult male raccoon movements in Alabama of several kilometers (maximum >5.4 km) and adult females moving up to 3.5 km. However, farther movements (e.g., 24 km) have been reported for this species (Rosatte et al 2007). In this study, farther movements in continuous …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Similarly, previous studies have found larger home ranges of raccoons within a forested landscape when compared to suburban and rural landscapes (Prange et al 2004), and greater movement distances for male raccoons when compared to females (Rosatte et al 2007). Of interest, previous research has suggested that counties with a greater percentage of mixed forest habitat were less likely to experience large rabies epizootics than counties with a lower percentage of mixed forest habitat ( Jones et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Movements and Dispersal Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Rabies Management

Puskas

Fischer

Swope

et al. 2010

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The raccoon (Procyon lotor) continues to be a prominent terrestrial rabies reservoir in the eastern United States. Describing the dispersal and movements of these animals and determining geographic features that are natural hindrances or corridors to movements could be used to assist oral rabies vaccination efforts. The landscape of the ridge-and-valley system in Pennsylvania exhibits characteristics of both natural potential hindrances and travel corridors to the movements of wildlife. The movements of 49 raccoons were monitored throughout a ridge and two adjacent valley sites to assess their movements related to these landscape features. Results suggest that few raccoons cross the ridge we studied over the short-term and that long-distance movements of these animals are uncommon in this region. Consequently, movement corridors within the ridge were largely confined to spur valleys within the ridge system. These results may be useful in strategic oral rabies vaccination programs in Pennsylvania and other areas where natural hindrances and travel corridors to movement are identified.

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“…However, a proportion of dogs are stray (i.e., free-roaming with or without owner, or feral, according to the OIE definition [6]), and owned dogs may also be aggressive and difficult to handle, therefore oral vaccination could be helpful [8]. Rabies has been successfully controlled in several European countries through oral vaccination of wildlife with vaccine baits and considerable success has been achieved in the control of Arctic fox rabies [9] and raccoon rabies in Canada and in the United States [10]. International guidelines for rabies control in dogs and implementation of field trials using oral vaccines are available [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First trials of oral vaccination with rabies SAG2 dog baits in Morocco

Darkaoui

Boué

Demerson

et al. 2014

Clin Exp Vaccine Res

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PurposeCanine rabies is a serious health problem in Morocco and about 22 human deaths are reported yearly. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, Moroccan authorities evaluated oral rabies vaccine baits specially designed for dogs.Materials and MethodsThe study was performed in Tiflet area. The vaccine strain was SAG2, a modified live oral rabies vaccine strain. Each bait contained an aluminium/PVC capsule filled with a liquid. Two kinds of baits were used: placebo baits containing methylene blue as a topical marker and vaccine baits containing vaccine suspension. The study was performed according to recommended WHO strategies, i.e., door to door model (DDDM), hand-out and wildlife immunization model (WIM). The DDDM was performed in the rural area of Tiflet on 60 owned dogs. The hand-out strategy was tested on 15 stray dogs. The WIM was performed on 4 transects lines near Tiflet slaughterhouse and near the weekly traditional market location.ResultsUsing the DDDM, 100% of owned dogs were attracted by the baits and 77% ate the bait. Using the hand-out model, 100% of dogs showed interest in baits and 46.7% took the baits. Using the WIM in stray dogs, up to 73% of baits disappeared and 68% of the capsules containing the SAG2 vaccine were found pierced, depending on the sites of distribution.ConclusionThis pilot study showed that baits have a good palatability and that oral vaccination of both owned and stray dogs is feasible with baits specifically developed for dogs and with adapted strategy of distribution.

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The Elimination of Raccoon Rabies From Wolfe Island, Ontario: Animal Density and Movements

Cited by 43 publications

References 10 publications

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Movements and Dispersal Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Rabies Management

First trials of oral vaccination with rabies SAG2 dog baits in Morocco

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