The emerging neuroscience of appetitive and drug cue extinction in humans

Konova, Anna B.; Goldstein, Rita Z.

doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5098-y

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…A further advantage is that ocular response measures have a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and are not susceptible to magnetic field artifacts, making them ideal measures in an fMRI environment. This could help expedite appetitive conditioning research and assist the exploration of neural correlates of appetitive learning derivatives like extinction and reinstatement (Konova & Goldstein, ) or reward prediction (Bach, Symmonds, Barnes, & Dolan, ). To conclude, our findings contribute evidence toward the establishment of a much‐needed gold standard learning criterion in the human appetitive conditioning domain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to its aversive counterpart (Delgado, Jou, & Phelps, ; Fullana et al, ; Li & McNally, ), appetitive conditioning is only rarely explored in humans (Andreatta & Pauli, ; Konova & Goldstein, ). This is predominantly ascribed to two challenges: the identification of suitable reinforcement as well as clear criteria for established conditioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning

et al. 2019

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Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning is a learning mechanism of fundamental biological and pathophysiological significance. Nonetheless, its exploration in humans remains sparse, which is partly attributed to the lack of an established psychophysiological parameter that aptly represents conditioned responding. This study evaluated pupil diameter and other ocular response measures (gaze dwelling time, blink duration and count) as indices of conditioning. Additionally, a learning model was used to infer participants’ learning progress on the basis of their pupil dilation. Twenty‐nine healthy volunteers completed an appetitive differential delay conditioning paradigm with a primary reward, while the ocular response measures along with other psychophysiological (heart rate, electrodermal activity, postauricular and eyeblink reflex) and behavioral (ratings, contingency awareness) parameters were obtained to examine the relation among different measures. A significantly stronger increase in pupil diameter, longer gaze duration and shorter eyeblink duration was observed in response to the reward‐predicting cue compared to the control cue. The Pearce‐Hall attention model best predicted the trial‐by‐trial pupil diameter. This conditioned response was corroborated by a pronounced heart rate deceleration to the reward‐predicting cue, while no conditioning effect was observed in the electrodermal activity or startle responses. There was no discernible correlation between the psychophysiological response measures. These results highlight the potential value of ocular response measures as sensitive indices for representing appetitive conditioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning

et al. 2019

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“…Human neuroimaging studies have repeatedly identified activity within dopaminergic midbrain, VS (including NAcc), OFC, dorsal ACC, and amygdala during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning [120,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162]; for a meta-analysis, see 163]. In line with preclinical evidence showing that the infralimbic PFC promotes extinction recall, regulating Pavlovian relapse phenomena [141,164], the vmPFC is considered particularly relevant for the recall of extinction memory, in concert with striatum and amygdala [165][166][167][168], and the inhibition of appetitive responses [117,169]. Research further suggests that Pavlovian value signals are encoded within vmPFC and OFC [158,170,171], as well as the VS [156,160,172].…”

Section: Behavioral Paradigms and Neural Circuitrymentioning

confidence: 96%

Instrumental and Pavlovian Mechanisms in Alcohol Use Disorder

et al. 2020

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Purpose of Review Current theories of alcohol use disorders (AUD) highlight the importance of Pavlovian and instrumental learning processes mainly based on preclinical animal studies. Here, we summarize available evidence for alterations of those processes in human participants with AUD with a focus on habitual versus goal-directed instrumental learning, Pavlovian conditioning, and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigms. Recent Findings The balance between habitual and goal-directed control in AUD participants has been studied using outcome devaluation or sequential decision-making procedures, which have found some evidence of reduced goal-directed/model-based control, but little evidence for stronger habitual responding. The employed Pavlovian learning and PIT paradigms have shown considerable differences regarding experimental procedures, e.g., alcohol-related or conventional reinforcers or stimuli. Summary While studies of basic learning processes in human participants with AUD support a role of Pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, current studies are characterized by large variability regarding methodology, sample characteristics, and results, and translation from animal paradigms to human research remains challenging. Longitudinal approaches with reliable and ecologically valid paradigms of Pavlovian and instrumental processes, including alcohol-related cues and outcomes, are warranted and should be combined with state-of-the-art imaging techniques, computational approaches, and ecological momentary assessment methods.

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“…Subjects are then assumed to form an extinction memory trace that inhibits the CS‐UCS association (Quirk & Mueller, ). However, studies of its neural correlates in humans are scarce (Konova & Goldstein, ). In a previous study, we identified the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the amygdala as key structures involved in extinction learning when it has taken place (Kruse, Tapia León, Stark, & Klucken, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of extinction learning, central roles have been ascribed to the amygdala, NAcc, and vACC (or ventromedial prefrontal cortex, depending on the exact location), whereas the dACC is regarded a key region in the recall of conditioning (Konova & Goldstein, ). In our first study, we found an involvement of the vACC, caudate nucleus, and hippocampus during the early phase of extinction, whereas during the late phase of extinction, amygdala and NAcc were involved (Kruse et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala and nucleus accumbens involvement in appetitive extinction

Kruse

Stark

Klucken

2020

Human Brain Mapping

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Extinction of appetitive conditioning is regarded as an important model for the treatment of psychiatric disorders like addiction. However, very few studies have investigated its neural correlates. Therefore, we investigated neural correlates of appetitive extinction in a large human sample including all genders (N = 76, 40 females) to replicate and extend results from a previous study. During differential appetitive conditioning, one stimulus (CS+) was paired with the chance to win a monetary reward, whereas another stimulus (CS−) was not. During appetitive extinction on the next day, neither the CS+ nor the CS− were reinforced. After successful acquisition of appetitive conditioning, the extinction phase elicited significant reductions of valence and arousal ratings toward the CS+ and a significant reduction in skin conductance responses to the CS+ from early to late extinction. On a neural level, early extinction showed significant differential (CS+ − CS−) activation in dACC and hippocampus, whereas involvement of the vACC and caudate nucleus did not replicate. The differential activation of amygdala and nucleus accumbens during late extinction was replicated, with the amygdala displaying significantly higher differential activation during the late phase of extinction as compared to the early phase of extinction. We show discernible signals for reward learning and extinction in subregions of amygdala and nucleus accumbens after extinction learning. This successful replication underlines the role of nucleus accumbens and amygdala in neural models of appetitive extinction in humans that was previously only based on animal findings.

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The emerging neuroscience of appetitive and drug cue extinction in humans

Cited by 12 publications

References 56 publications

Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning

Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning

Instrumental and Pavlovian Mechanisms in Alcohol Use Disorder

Amygdala and nucleus accumbens involvement in appetitive extinction

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