The emerging role of exosomes in Alzheimer’s disease

Zhang, Tongmei; Ma, Sehui; Lv, Junkai; Wang, Xinyuan; Afewerky, Henok Kessete; Li, Hao; Lu, Youming

doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101321

Cited by 88 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 222 publications

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“…Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a decline in memory and cognitive function. In terms of incidence, it ranks first in neurodegenerative diseases, accounting for 60%–80% of dementia cases (Zhang et al., 2021 ), comprising most of the 50 million patients with dementia worldwide (Hurwitz et al., 2018 ). At present, there is no therapeutic strategy for this increasingly common disease, and current treatment plans achieve minimal effects (Levy, 2017 , Soria et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Ti‐evs In Non‐cancer Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non‐cancer diseases: Present and future

Man

Gao

et al. 2021

J of Extracellular Vesicle

124

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types. EVs act as messengers via the horizontal transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and influence various pathophysiological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Compared to EVs obtained from body fluids or cell culture supernatants, EVs isolated directly from tissues possess a number of advantages, including tissue specificity, accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment, etc., thus, attention should be paid to tissue‐derived EVs (Ti‐EVs). Ti‐EVs are present in the interstitium of tissues and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, Ti‐EVs provide an excellent snapshot of interactions among various cell types with a common histological background. Thus, Ti‐EVs may be used to gain insights into the development and progression of diseases. To date, extensive investigations have focused on the role of body fluid‐derived EVs or cell culture‐derived EVs; however, the number of studies on Ti‐EVs remains insufficient. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in Ti‐EVs for cancers and non‐cancer diseases. We propose the future application of Ti‐EVs in basic research and clinical practice. Workflows for Ti‐EV isolation and characterization between cancers and non‐cancer diseases are reviewed and compared. Moreover, we discuss current issues associated with Ti‐EVs and provide potential directions.

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Section: Ti‐evs In Non‐cancer Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non‐cancer diseases: Present and future

Man

Gao

et al. 2021

J of Extracellular Vesicle

124

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“…Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease accounting for 60–80% of dementia cases, and it is manifested by memory loss and a decline in cognitive functions ( Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures, Alzheimers Dement, 2021 ). Generally, the typical pathological characteristics of AD occur many years before the onset of clinical symptoms with the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques outside neurons and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)-composed neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside neurons, accompanied by neuronal death, synapses loss and global brain atrophy ( Spires-Jones and Hyman, 2014 ; Zhang T. et al, 2021 ). It has been shown that there are several mechanisms involved in AD, such as inflammation and immune activation, lipid metabolism, endosomal vesicle recycling, and autophagy ( Zhang T. et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: In Vivo Astrocyte-to-neuron Conversion For Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the typical pathological characteristics of AD occur many years before the onset of clinical symptoms with the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques outside neurons and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)-composed neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside neurons, accompanied by neuronal death, synapses loss and global brain atrophy ( Spires-Jones and Hyman, 2014 ; Zhang T. et al, 2021 ). It has been shown that there are several mechanisms involved in AD, such as inflammation and immune activation, lipid metabolism, endosomal vesicle recycling, and autophagy ( Zhang T. et al, 2021 ). So far, no effective treatment is available to stop or even slow the progression of AD.…”

Section: In Vivo Astrocyte-to-neuron Conversion For Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unclear whether human astrocytes can also be converted into neurons by these approaches in vivo , if it success, whether the converted neurons are the wanted neuron type, can survive over long periods and integrate to neighbor neurons. As for the neurodegeneration caused by gene mutations, such as familial neurodegenerative diseases ( Meyer et al, 2014 ; Przedborski, 2017 ; Singleton and Gasser, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Zhang T. et al, 2021 ), the gene mutation is still present under certain genetic background, and these converted neurons from astrocytes might eventually degenerate. The efficiency of the existing direct lineage reprogramming strategy in situ still needs to be improved to meet clinical requirements.…”

Section: Advantages and Challenges Of In Vivo Astrocyte-to-neuron Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vivo Direct Conversion of Astrocytes to Neurons Maybe a Potential Alternative Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Wang

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Partly because of extensions in lifespan, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, while there is no effective approach to slow or prevent neuronal degeneration. As we all know, neurons cannot self-regenerate and may not be replaced once being damaged or degenerated in human brain. Astrocytes are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and proliferate once CNS injury or neurodegeneration occur. Actually, direct reprogramming astrocytes into functional neurons has been attracting more and more attention in recent years. Human astrocytes can be successfully converted into neurons in vitro. Notably, in vivo direct reprogramming of astrocytes into functional neurons were achieved in the adult mouse and non-human primate brains. In this review, we briefly summarized in vivo direct reprogramming of astrocytes into functional neurons as regenerative strategies for CNS diseases, mainly focusing on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). We highlight and outline the advantages and challenges of direct neuronal reprogramming from astrocytes in vivo for future neuroregenerative medicine.

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“…Exosomes are multi-vesicular endosomes that originate from the endocytic system and are formed through four processes: outgrowth, invagination, multivesicular body formation and secretion, and are spherical, flat or cup-shaped vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm ( Spilak et al, 2021 ; Staubach et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). In recent years, it has been found that exosomes are distributed in human body fluids, including blood, urine, saliva, thoracoabdominal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, bile, milk, tears and semen ( Yu et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2021b ; Lin et al, 2021 ; Mohammadi et al, 2021 ; Richter and Lehr, 2021 ). In addition, exosomes of different tissue sources carry different nucleic acids, proteins and lipids ( Teng and Fussenegger, 2020 ; Shehzad et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Application of Exosomes Identification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Early Detection of Cancers

Yang

Jia

2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Exosomes are small nanoscale vesicles with a double-layered lipid membrane structure secreted by cells, and almost all types of cells can secrete exosomes. Exosomes carry a variety of biologically active contents such as nucleic acids and proteins, and play an important role not only in intercellular information exchange and signal transduction, but also in various pathophysiological processes in the human body. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) uses light to interact with nanostructured materials such as gold and silver to produce a strong surface plasmon resonance effect, which can significantly enhance the Raman signal of molecules adsorbed on the surface of nanostructures to obtain a rich fingerprint of the sample itself or Raman probe molecules with ultra-sensitivity. The unique advantages of SERS, such as non-invasive and high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast analysis speed, and low water interference, make it a promising technology for life science and clinical testing applications. In this paper, we briefly introduce exosomes and the current main detection methods. We also describe the basic principles of SERS and the progress of the application of unlabeled and labeled SERS in exosome detection. This paper also summarizes the value of SERS-based exosome assays for early tumor diagnosis.

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The emerging role of exosomes in Alzheimer’s disease

Cited by 88 publications

References 222 publications

Tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non‐cancer diseases: Present and future

Tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non‐cancer diseases: Present and future

In vivo Direct Conversion of Astrocytes to Neurons Maybe a Potential Alternative Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Advances in the Application of Exosomes Identification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Early Detection of Cancers

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