Tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non‐cancer diseases: Present and future

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types. EVs act as messengers via the horizontal transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and influence various pathophysiological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Compared to EVs obtained from body fluids or cell culture supernatants, EVs isolated directly from tissues possess a number of advantages, including tissue specificity, accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment, etc., thus, attention should be paid to tissue‐derived EVs (Ti‐EVs). Ti‐EVs are present in the interstitium of tissues and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, Ti‐EVs provide an excellent snapshot of interactions among various cell types with a common histological background. Thus, Ti‐EVs may be used to gain insights into the development and progression of diseases. To date, extensive investigations have focused on the role of body fluid‐derived EVs or cell culture‐derived EVs; however, the number of studies on Ti‐EVs remains insufficient. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in Ti‐EVs for cancers and non‐cancer diseases. We propose the future application of Ti‐EVs in basic research and clinical practice. Workflows for Ti‐EV isolation and characterization between cancers and non‐cancer diseases are reviewed and compared. Moreover, we discuss current issues associated with Ti‐EVs and provide potential directions.

Extracellular vesicles from lung tissue drive bone marrow neutrophil recruitment in inflammation

“…We identified different characteristics between human and mice samples and speculated that it might be caused by the following reasons: (1) We removed blood to eliminate the plasma EVs in all experimental animals but not during treatment of human samples considering of the feasibility. Contamination of blood in tissues has impact on cell viability, EV recovery, and EV proteomic data (Li et al, 2021). ( 2) Deposits in human lung tissues, including air pollutants and particles, may cause differences in EV proteomic data comparing with murine lung EVs.…”

Cancer cells corrupt normal epithelial cells through miR-let-7c-rich small extracellular vesicle-mediated downregulation of p53/PTEN

“… 15 Tumor-derived EVs can produce cancerous characteristics by transporting cancer-promoting molecules to recipient cells. 35 Given the critical roles of EVs in regulating nontumor cells in the TME, we explored the roles of OSCC-derived sEVs on surrounding normal epithelial cells. We found OSCC-derived sEVs enhance the migration, invasion, proliferation, and EMT of normal epithelial cells but diminish their apoptosis rate.…”

Application of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted tumor therapy

“…EVs can be broadly classified into three subtypes based on their origins: cell culture-derived EVs, bodily fluid-derived EVs, and tissue-derived EVs [ 20 ]. Nevertheless, because EVs are secreted by cells into body fluids and tissues, cellular secretion represents the primary source of these vesicles.…”

“…However, other challenges, such as obtaining a therapeutic-scale yield, currently limit the use of Ti-EVs. Feasible solutions for this limitation include the reconstitution of 3D tissue-like structures (organoids), bioreactor-based culture methods, and treatment efficiency enhancement [ 20 ]. However, these technologies are still in their infancy, and require substantial research attention.…”