The Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Ovarian Cancer

Abstract

: Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is its most common form. OC has both a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate due to the difficulties of early diagnosis, the limitation of current treatment and resistance to chemotherapy. Extracellular vesicles is a heterogeneous group of cellderived submicron vesicles which can be detected in body fluids, and it can be classified into three main types including exosomes, micro-vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Cancer cells can produce more EVs than healthy cells. Moreover, the contents of these EVs have been found distinct from each other. It has been considered that EVs shedding from tumor cells may be implicated in clinical applications. Such as a tool for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and potential treatment of certain cancers. In this review, we provide a brief description of EVs in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, drug-resistant of OC. Cancer-related EVs show powerful influences on tumors by various biological mechanisms. However, the contents mentioned above remain in the laboratory stage and there is a lack of large-scale clinical trials, and the maturity of the purification and detection methods is a constraint. In addition, amplification of oncogenes on ecDNA is remarkably prevalent in cancer, it may be possible that ecDNA can be encapsulated in EVs and thus detected by us. In summary, much more research on EVs needs to be perform to reveal breakthroughs in OC and to accelerate the process of its application on clinic.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA: biogenesis, structure, functions and diseases

“…EccDNAs have been determined to play key roles in the resistance of chemo- or radio-therapy; therefore, the elimination of eccDNA may benefit a better outcome together with conventional therapy. 32 , 86 , 295 – 297 A large amount of laboratory evidence has shown that tumor cells can reversibly regulate the expression levels of key proteins by altering the amount of eccDNA, conferring different cell phenotypes for drug resistance. In addition, drug resistance may also be induced by creating double-strand DNA breaks, contributing to the conversion of eccDNA to HSR.…”

MMP-3 gene regulates the carcinogenesis and metabolic process of ovarian cancer, evidence from a Chinese population: Observational study and meta-analysis

“…With insidious onset, rapid disease progression, and high mortality, ovarian cancer (OC) causes great harm to women’s life and health. [ 1 , 2 ] Despite the continuous improvement of medical level and the continuous optimization of epithelial ovarian cancer treatment plans, the 5-year survival rate of advanced OC remains lower than 30%. [ 3 , 4 ] Therefore, early prediction of the prognosis of OC patients and early treatment are of great significance to improve the survival rate of patients.…”

Study on the Application of Systemic Inflammation Response Index and Platelet–Lymphocyte Ratio in Ovarian Malignant Tumors

“…The asymptomatic nature of ovarian cancer makes it difficult to detect in the early stages. 4 The study found that CA125 lacks specificity in the clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer, 5 CA153 was first discovered in breast cancer epithelial cells. CA19-9 has good specificity for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors, and has a synergistic effect on the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.…”