The Emission of Nitrogen to the Remote Atmosphere: Background Paper

Galbally, Ian

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5476-2_3

Cited by 33 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Atmospheric ammonia in remote areas has several natural and anthropogenic sources (e.g., refs and ). Though potential sources of ammonia are well known, few estimates of emissions exist worldwide, and practically none exist for remote regions (e.g., ref ). Nitrate is a secondary pollutant that is the result of the burning of fossil fuels or biomass as well as from natural and anthropogenically-influenced oxidation processes ().…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Weathers

Likens

1996

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rainwater collected from remote, southern Chile is reported to be some of the most dilute in the world and is estimated to result in the deposition of e1 kg ha -1 yr -1 of nitrogen to ecosystems. Rainwater, however, is only one form of atmospheric deposition. Cloudwater deposition and the deposition of particles and gases can result in significant atmospheric inputs to ecosystems. Here we report the first data on cloudwater chemistry from remote, southern Chile. Cloud samples were collected from 1987 to 1994 using active cloudwater collectors. Average cloudwater chemistry from remote, southern Chile was dominated by ions commonly associated with seawater [e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , Cl -), but had surprisingly high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (NH 4 + (48.3) and NO 3 -(19.6 µequiv/ L)] as well. Relative to volume-weighted mean concentrations of rainwater from a nearby location, cloudwater ranged from 2 (H + ) to 80 (NH 4 + ) times more concentrated. Estimated nitrogen deposition via cloudwater suggests that clouds may be a very important source of nitrogen, especially for nitrogen-limited ecosystems in this region.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Weathers

Likens

1996

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There seems to be no measurements of the uptake of NO, to plants at concentrations as low as a few ppbv. Results recently reviewed by Galbally (1985), show that for the plant-soil system, an NO emission from the soil is counterbalanced by an uptake of NOz. Thus, depending on the atmospheric concentrations of NO and NOz, the exchange may vary from net emission to net uptake .…”

Section: The Uptake Of No2 At Low Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pine forest: a negligible sink for atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> in rural Sweden

Johansson¹

1987

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A chamber technique was used to study the uptake of NO and N0 2 by branches of Scots Pine trees at concentrations ranging from about I ppbv (ambient levels) up to about 50 ppbv. The measurements were performed under field conditions of light intensity and temperature. Rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were determined from continuous measurements of C0 2 and water vapour.The uptake of NO was small at all concentrations. The deposition rate per projected needle area was less than 0.1 mm s-1 • For N0 2 , the uptake varied linearly with concentration. At high levels, the uptake was limited both by a stomata! and an internal resistance and a marked diurnal variation was observed. Typical deposition rates per projected needle area at concentrations larger than 10 ppbv were 1-2 mm s-1 during the day and 0.05--0.2 mm s-1 during the night. The internal resistance constituted between 3% and 60% of the total resistance to N0 2 uptake.Contrary to observations made at high concentrations, no uptake of N0 2 could be detected when the concentration was decreased to I to 3 ppbv. Using a leaf area index of 3 m 2 m-2 , which is a typical value for a pine forest in Sweden, a deposition velocity per ground area of

show abstract

“…The effects of N fertilizer application rates, and the chemical form used, on the quantities of NZ0 released from agricultural soils have been widely reviewed over the last dozen years (Galbally, 1985;Bolle et al, 1986;Keller et a/., 1988;Eichner, 1990;Byrnes, 1990;Bouwman 1990Bouwman ,1994Bouwman ,1996Granli & Beckman, 1994;Mosier, 1994;Cole et al, 1996), and the same has been done recently for NO (Skiba et af., 1997). Most reported measurements cover the crop season or shorter periods (Bouwman et al, 1995), particularly the few weeks after fertilizer addition when most of the NzO is released.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%

Emissions of N₂O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation
Smith
¹
,
McTaggart
²
,
Tsuruta
³

1997
Soil Use and Management
229
14
119
3
View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Increases in the atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (Nz 0) contribute to global warming and to ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cause of acid rain and tropospheric ozone. The use of N fertilizers in agriculture has direct and indirect effects on the emissions of both these gases, which are the result of microbial nitrification and denitrification in the soil, and which are controlled principally by soil water and mineral N contents, temperature and labile organic matter.The global emission ofNzO from cultivated land is now estimated at 3.5 T g N annually, ofwhich 1.5 T g has been directly attributed to synthetic N fertilizers, out of a total quantity applied in 1990 of about 77Tg N. This amount was 150% above the 1970 figure. The total fertilizer-induced emissions of NO are somewhere in the range 0.5-5 Tg N. Mineral N fertilizers can also be indirect as well as direct sources of N20 and NO emissions, via deposition of volatilized NH3 on natural ecosystems and denitrification of leached nitrate in subsoils, waters and sediments.IPCC currently assume an NzO emission factor of 1.25 i 1.0% of fertilizer N applied. No allowance is made for different fertilizer types, on the basis that soil management and cropping systems, and unpredictable rainfall inputs, are more important variables. However, recent results show substantial reductions in emissions from grassland by matching fertilizer type to environmental conditions, and in arable systems by using controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors. Also, better timing and placement of N, application of the minimum amount of N to achieve satisfactory yield, and optimization of soil physical conditions, particularly avoidance of excessive wetness and compaction, would be expected to reduce the average emission factor for N20. Some of these adjustments would also reduce NO emissions. However, increasing global fertilizer use is likely to cause an upward trend in total emissions even if these mitigating practices become widely adopted.Keywords: Nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, emission, intensive agriculture, nitrogen fertilizers I N T R O D U C T I O N ince the start of the industrial age, significant increases S have occurred in the atmospheric concentrations of severa1 gases which are now believed to have environmental impacts at the global and/or the regional scale. Three of these gases, carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NzOFthe so-called greenhouse gases--contribute to global warming; N20 also causes depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the causes of acid rain and takes part in reactions leading to the formation of ozone in the troposphere-a process which is potentially damaging to biological systems and which also adds to global warming (Prather etal, 1995). Soils, both natural and cultivated, are the major global source of NzO, accounting for some 65% of all emissions (Prather et a l , 1995). Agriculture and forestry, and land-use change from natural fo...

show abstract

The Emission of Nitrogen to the Remote Atmosphere: Background Paper

Cited by 33 publications

References 90 publications

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Pine forest: a negligible sink for atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> in rural Sweden

Emissions of N₂O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Emission of Nitrogen to the Remote Atmosphere: Background Paper

Cited by 33 publications

References 90 publications

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Clouds in Southern Chile: An Important Source of Nitrogen to Nitrogen-Limited Ecosystems?

Pine forest: a negligible sink for atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> in rural Sweden

Emissions of N2O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Emissions of N₂O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation