The Emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Steel and Cement-Kiln Plants in Vietnam

Abstract

Stack gas and fly ash samples were collected in two steel plants and three cement kiln plants for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). A standard sampling method (U.S EPA method 23) was used following the requirements for isokinetic sampling of stack gas emission. The quantification of PCDD/Fs was done by high resolution gas chromatography, coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/ HRMS). The results demonstrated that PCDD/F concentrations in steel plants varied from 0.234 to 0.577 ng/Nm 3 on a mass basis, and 0.048 to 0.166 ng/Nm 3 on a TEQ basis. In cement kiln plants, the mass concentration varied from 0.280 to 5.32 ng/Nm 3 , while TEQ concentration varied from 0.033 to 0.837 ng TEQ/Nm 3 . In general, PCDD/F emissions from steel industry in Vietnam were slightly lower than those reported for European Union, and were comparable to those reported for Taiwan and Korea. A similar trend was observed for the emissions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln industry in Vietnam. PCDD/F emission factors for steel and cement kiln industries were also estimated to compare with the guidelines of the UNEP for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) inventory.

Formation, Reduction and Emission Behaviors of CBzs and PCDD/Fs from Cement Plants

“…Lots of studies have indicated that the formation and emission of PCDD/Fs from the cement kiln is inevitable (Giannopoulos et al, 2007;Conesa et al, 2008;Karstensen, 2008). For instance, the I-TEQ values were in , while I-TEQ concentration varied from 0.033 to 0.837 ng TEQ Nm -3 in Vietnamese cement plant (Thuong et al, 2014). By using long-term sampling devices, levels of 0.009 ng I-TEQ Nm -3 were also detected in the flue gas of cement kilns (RiveraAustrui et al, 2012).…”

Emission Characteristics and Chemical Compositions of both Filterable and Condensable Fine Particulate from Steel Plants

“…Production of iron and steel is an important source of air pollutants including particulate matter (PM). Previous studies identify iron and steel plants as a major contributor of PM and persistent organic pollutants to air in the vicinity of plants (Amodio et al, 2013;Thuong et al, 2014;Xiao et al, 2014). Atmospheric particulates have potentially adverse impacts on human health through inhalation and respiratory deposition.…”

Atmospheric Deposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans at Coastal and High Mountain Areas in Taiwan

“…Combustion processes (Correa et al, 2006;Shih et al, 2006;Chiu et al, 2011) involving chlorine containing organic matter ) such as municipal solid waste incineration (Lee et al, 2003), laboratory waste incinerators (Liao et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2014), hazardous waste incinerators , iron ore sintering plants (Fang et al, 2011), steel and cement kilns (Van Thuong et al, 2014), landfill fires (Moussiopoulos et al, 2006), vehicle tailpipe exhausts (Chuang et al, 2010), boilers , fast food restaurants , coal fire-power plants (Lin et al, 2010b), bio-mass open burning (Shih et al, 2008;Chang et al, 2013;Chang et al, 2014) and dust storms (Chi et al, 2014) have been pointed out to be among the leading primary sources of PCDD/Fs and other dioxin like compounds. The emission of PCDD/Fs from the mentioned processes can be attributed to either their presence the feedstock, or be formed from chlorine containing precursors compounds as well as be formed through the de novo mechanism at certain temperature window Fujimori et al, 2014).…”