The Employment Effects of Technological Innovation, Consumption, and Participation in Global Value Chains: Evidence from Developing Asia

Skill flows and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: future questions and directions for the ASEAN Economic Community

“…The next best thing is to focus on a recent period during which a great deal of technological upgrading occurred across the region and infer potential future trends. Bertulfo et al (2019) combine multiregional input-output tables with employment data from labor force surveys to examine the relationship between technology and jobs along supply chains in 12 economies in developing Asia, 4 covering 35 sectors from 2005 to 2015. They decompose the overall change in employment during the decade-an 11% increaseinto technology, task relocation (i.e., offshoring), consumer demand, and consumer preferences.…”

Investing in competences and skills and reforming the labour market to create better jobs in Indonesia

“…The net balance of job creation/destruction will depend on the capacity to provide the necessary skills to the population. Over 2005-15, the net balance from technological change was negative in Asian developing economies, highlighting the risk for the future (Bertulfo et al, 2019). Re-training and up-skilling of workers can smooth the transition to the future economy.…”

The Evolution of Indonesia�s Participation in Global Value Chains:

“…First, Indonesia's domestic supply chains are analyzed using the agglomeration indices developed by Mercer-Blackman, Foronda, and Mariasingham (2017). Second, the impacts of GVC-related factors on jobs in Indonesia are studied following Bertulfo, Gentile, and de Vries (2019). Third, following Abiad et al (2018), input-output analysis is used to quantify the potential impacts of the trade conflict between the United States and the People's Republic of China on Indonesia.…”

“…In Bertulfo, Gentile, and de Vries (2019), employment is classified into four major groups of occupations: routine manual, routine cognitive, nonroutine manual, and nonroutine cognitive, following the taxonomy of occupations developed by Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) (Box 8 Table). Routine occupations are loosely defined as jobs that can be accomplished by following an explicit set of rules.…”