The Energy Expenditure of Snowshoeing in Packed vs Unpacked Snow at Low Level Walking Speeds

Connolly, Daniel J.; Henkin, Josh A.; Tyzbir, Robert S.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199905001-01861

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In Pandolfís experiments, the speeds of walking were imposed and the depth of the foot‐penetration (0, 10, and 20 cm) was measured in the footprints left in the snow by participants. Grey dots show values reported in literature for walking on snow with snowshoes (Connolly, 2002; Knapik et al. , 2002; Dalleck, DeVoe & Kravitz, 2003).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first humans travelling on ice: an energy-saving strategy?

Formenti

Minetti

2007

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Economy of locomotion is a constant challenge for animals, particularly when related to migrations and travelling. The present study focuses on human locomotion and particularly on the development of ice skating. The aim of our research was to understand whether an environmental feature such as a strong presence of lakes (frozen in winter) could force humans to develop ice skates in order to limit the energy cost of travelling. We hypothesized that the energy-saving principle was a determinant factor in the development of human locomotion on ice. Five healthy adult participants took part in the experiments, during which we recorded the speed (1.2 ± 0.3 m s -1 ) and metabolic energy cost (4.6 ± 0.9 J kg -1 m -1 ) associated with travelling on bone skates. Simulations were also performed to demonstrate whether the benefit given by the use of skates was different in the areas where ice skating appears to have evolved originally. The gain reachable by using bone skates could lead to an extremely high energy saving (equal to 10% of the energy needed to survive during the cold season) and differs significantly between the regions considered in the present study. An analysis of the geometrical shape of lakes associated with fractal analysis of their distribution suggests that, in order to better adapt to the severe conditions imposed by the long lasting winters, Finnish populations could benefit more than others from developing this ingenious locomotion tool.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first humans travelling on ice: an energy-saving strategy?

Formenti

Minetti

2007

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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“…Assuming the UAV search started at the same time as the traditional man-based method, the comparison shows an advantage for the UAV solution especially in the GRID phase where the UAV flying speed is faster (4 m/s) than walking (1 m/s (Knapik 1996;Connolly 2002)).…”

Section: Rescue Mission Times and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multipurpose UAV for search and rescue operations in mountain avalanche events

Silvagni

Tonoli

Zenerino

et al. 2016

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk

302

134

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This paper presents a multipurpose UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) for mountain rescue operations. The multi-rotors based flying platform and its embedded avionics are designed to meet environmental requirements for mountainous terrain such as low temperatures, high altitude and strong winds, assuring the capability of carrying different payloads (separately or together) such as: avalanche beacon (ARTVA) with automatic signal recognition and path following algorithms for the rapid location of snowcovered body; camera (visible and thermal) for search and rescue of missing persons on snow and in woods during the day or night; payload deployment to drop emergency kits or specific explosive cartridge for controlled avalanche detachment. The resulting small (less than 5 kg) UAV is capable of full autonomous flight (including takeoff and landing) of a pre-programmed, or easily configurable, custom mission. Furthermore, the autopilot manages the sensors measurements (i.e. beacons or cameras) to update the flying mission automatically in flight. Specific functionalities such as terrain following were developed and implemented. Ground station programming of the UAV is not needed, except compulsory monitoring, as the rescue mission can be accomplished in a full automatic mode.

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The Energy Expenditure of Snowshoeing in Packed vs Unpacked Snow at Low Level Walking Speeds

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

The first humans travelling on ice: an energy-saving strategy?

The first humans travelling on ice: an energy-saving strategy?

Multipurpose UAV for search and rescue operations in mountain avalanche events

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