“…The second factor causing cost stickiness is pressure from external parties. This includes political uncertainty , social community (Hartlieb et al, 2020), competitive pressures (Cheung et al, 2018;Krisnadewi & Soewarno, 2020;Li & Zheng, 2017), pressure from tax regulations (Xu & Zheng, 2020) protection and minimum wages (Banker et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2016), regulations related to certain industries, such as rebate rules (Yoon & Moon, 2015), regulatory change in the insurance industry (Belina et al, 2019), CSR (Habib & Hasan, 2019). The next factor is related to corporate governance, including the structure of CEO management (Lee et al, 2019), and company ownership (Chae & Ryu, 2016;Chung et al, 2019;Gu et al, 2020).…”