The Environment and the Lung

Samet, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470050070025

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Particles w10 mm are usually removed at the upper airways, whereas those v10 mm (i.e. RSP) may be deposited in the smaller airways and alveoli [16]. Recently, several studies have found strong associations between outdoor RSP levels and mortality and morbidity, especially in the elderly [17][18].…”

Section: Health Effects Of Respirable Suspended Particles Nitrogen Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly

et al. 2003

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People spend about o80-90% of their daily time indoors, elderly people especially at home. Thus, it is important to investigate possible health effects of indoor air pollutants and to consider their contributions to the total human exposure.This report summarises current knowledge on health effects of three common indoor air pollutants, respirable suspended particles, nitrogen dioxide and environmental tobacco smoke, with focus on the adults and the elderly. Preliminary findings on exposure distributions and health effects of these pollutants in older subjects of two panel studies carried out in Italian general populations will also be reported.The two indoor pollution studies were performed in the Po Delta area in North Italy (428 subjects and 140 houses investigated) and in Pisa in Central Italy (761 subjects and 282 houses investigated). Individuals aged o65 yrs spent a significantly larger number of hours at home than the other age groups both in winter and in summer. A trend of higher occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms in the presence of environmental tobacco smoke was shown in comparison to the unexposed elderly both in winter (31 versus 29%) and summer (33 versus 16%). The occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms was consistently higher in relation to the high respirable suspended particles-index exposure compared to low exposure (33 versus 27% in winter, 27 versus 21% in summer). Both the presence of environmental tobacco smoke at home and exposure to the high respirable suspended particles-index were associated with a decrease in the mean daily peak expiratory flow. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: Suppl. 40, 15s-20s.

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Section: Health Effects Of Respirable Suspended Particles Nitrogen Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly

et al. 2003

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“…The cellular responses are provided by several types of immunocompetent cells, including macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (Kolopp-Sarda et al, 1994;Pabst and Gehrke, 1992;Pabst and Tschernig, 1995). In normal conditions, as in other mucosal areas, nonspecific and specific immune responses in the lung are efficient and noninflammatory (Brandtzaeg, 1996;Jeffery and Corrin, 1984;Samet and Utell, 1991), and only small numbers of lymphocytes are present in lung alveoli. In respiratory diseases, inappropriate or ill-regulated immune responses may develop, involving the bronchi, lung parenchyma, and, in some instances, alveoli (Agostini et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminative Immunophenotype of Bronchoalveolar Lavage CD4 Lymphocytes in Sarcoidosis

Kolopp‐Sarda

Kohler

March

et al. 2000

Laboratory Investigation

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SUMMARY:The diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis relies in part on the observation of alveolar CD4 ϩ lymphocytosis. However, this criterion is not fully discriminative because this anomaly is also found in other types of lung diseases. Among other possible distinctive criteria, we investigated the expression of lymphocyte-addressing molecules, which could differ according to the pathophysiology of lung diseases. We investigated CD103 (␣ E ␤7 integrin, CD103-␤7), reported to be both expressed on intra-epithelial lymphocytes in mucosal areas, including bronchi, and possibly involved in the recruitment of alveolar lymphocytes. The expression of CD103 was examined on bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes from 93 consecutive patients, including 34 patients with CD4 ϩ lymphocytosis. For all patients, the expression of CD19, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD57, LFA1, DR, and CD103 was assessed by flow cytometry. Sarcoidosis seemed remarkably characterized by the lack of CD103 expression on the predominant CD4 ϩ subset. Statistically significant differences were found between patients with sarcoidosis, with other types of CD4 ϩ lymphocytosis, and with other lung disorders in the CD103 ϩ cell levels and in the CD103/CD4 ratio. Combined use of the CD4/CD8 ratio (Ͼ 2.5) and the CD103/CD4 ratio (Ͻ 0.31) to assess bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes is a promising new tool for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. (Lab Invest 2000, 80:1065-1069.

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“…AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 1995;152:1932-9. Many studies have been conducted on the health effects of inhalable particulate matter (PMIO) pollution. These particles are of concern because they can penetrate into the lower airways where they can cause lung injury, whereas particles with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 10 11m are to a large extent removed in the upper airways (1). The U.S. Federal air quality standard for PMlO is a 24-h average of 150 ug/m", not to be exceeded more than once a year.…”

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confidence: 99%

Associations of PM10 and airborne iron with respiratory health of adults living near a steel factory.

Dusseldorp

Kruize²,

Brunekreef³

et al. 1995

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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The association between daily PM10 (particles with a median aerodynamic diameter of < or = 10 microns) and iron particle concentrations and respiratory health was studied in a population of adults selected for current or recent bronchodilator use. Acute changes in respiratory health were measured as changes in peak expiratory flow (PEF), and daily prevalence of respiratory symptoms and medication use as recorded in a diary. The study period was October 11 through December 22, 1993. The study population included 32 adults living near a large steel industry in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. During the study period, 24-h average PM10 concentrations in Wijk aan Zee ranged from 36 to 137 micrograms/m3 while the 24-h average concentrations of iron, silicon, sodium, and manganese ranged from approximately zero to 6.95, 1.84, 12.02, and 0.37 micrograms/m3 respectively. The steel industry was found to contribute significantly to the PM10 concentrations, and especially to the iron and manganese concentrations in the air. The association of changes in respiratory health with changes in PM10, iron, sodium, and silicon was evaluated using a time series approach. A statistically significant decrease in PEF was found to be associated with increasing PM10 concentrations. Stronger associations were found for smokers than for nonsmokers, and for subjects reporting many chronic respiratory symptoms than for subjects reporting few such symptoms. Increased concentrations of iron tended to be associated with a decline in PEF, with a lag of 2 to 3 d, although the association did not reach statistical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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The Environment and the Lung

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly

Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly

Discriminative Immunophenotype of Bronchoalveolar Lavage CD4 Lymphocytes in Sarcoidosis

Associations of PM10 and airborne iron with respiratory health of adults living near a steel factory.

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