The Enzyme Electrode

Updike, Stuart J.; Hicks, G. P.

doi:10.1038/214986a0

Cited by 1,239 publications

(431 citation statements)

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“…Biosensors have attractive applications in human care, food industry, controlling the environment and for genetic applications. The greatest advantage of such biosensors are in their application being user friendly, having a fast response, high sensitivity, strong selectivity, and their practical use for real sampling [14][15][16][17]. The first oxygen sensor was invented by Leland C. Clark Jr in 1956, for oxygen detection in blood, water and other liquids [14].…”

Section: Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1962, his idea was to develop the experiment of an immobilized glucose oxidase with a membrane on a Clark electrode to determine the glucose concentration with decreased oxygen concentration [15]. At the end of 1967 glucose detection based on an independent and operational enzymatic electrode was developed [16]. The first investigation of potentiometric urea detection, based on urease with an ammonium selective membrane immobilized electrode, was published in 1969 [17].…”

Section: Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesising Metal Oxide Materials and Their Composite Nanostructures for Sensing and Optoelectronic Device Applications

Khun¹

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Research on nanomaterials has been revolutionized in the last few years because of the attractive properties they have in comparison to the bulk phase of similar materials. These properties are physical, chemical, catalytic and optical. Among these nanomaterials, the metal oxide nanostructures have become of particular interest to scientists for the development of different optical, biochemical and biomedical nanodevices. In the present research work using the advantageous features of nanotechnology, high performance nanodevices for optoelectronics with a wide band gap compound nanostructure and highly sensitive sensor devices have been demonstrated. The nanotechnology is used to fabricate sensitive and precise nanodevices based on nanomaterials for the application of sensing.Among metal oxide nanostructures, ZnO, CuO and NiO are attractive materials because of their unique properties; their high surface area to volume ratio, their energy band gap of 3.37 eV, 1.2 eV and 3.7 eV, respectively, biocompatibility, high electron mobility, fast electron transfer rate and they are environmental-friendly in many applications. When used in sensor devices, nanomaterials have indicated high selectivity for possible use to detect the various analytes even in small volumes. Metal oxide nanostructures have shown to be good for optoelectronic nanodevices because of their electrical characteristics, high optical absorption and low-processing temperature.In this thesis, the synthesis of different morphologies of metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures and their composite using the hydrothermal method are demonstrated for various applications. This thesis is divided into three parts:In the first part of this research work, the fabrication of well-aligned ZnO nanorods using different concentrations of composite seed layer of inorganic and organic materials when using the hydrothermal growth method is presented. The effect of the composite seed layer on the i Abstract alignment, density and optical properties of the grown ZnO nanorods is investigated (paper I).Utilizing the advantage of ZnO nanostructure, a comparative study of ZnO nanorods and thin films for chemical and biosensing application was carried out. The ZnO nanorods and thin films were functionalized with strontium ionophore membrane, immobilized the galactose oxidase and lactate oxidase for determining the strontium ions, D-galactose and L-lactic acid, respectively (paper II).In the second part, the effects of different urea concentrations on the morphology of CuO nanostructures is studied as described in paper III. Moreover, CuO nanoflowers were functionalized with cadmium ion ionophore for the detection of Cd ions, while CuO nanosheets were grown by the low temperature growth method and were used for the development of a nonenzymatic glucose sensor, respectively (Paper IV).In the last part of this thesis, composite nanostructures of CuO/ZnO and NiO/ZnO were applied to develop dopamine sensor and fast sensitive UV photodetector, respectively. A nanohybrid of C...

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Section: Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesising Metal Oxide Materials and Their Composite Nanostructures for Sensing and Optoelectronic Device Applications

Khun¹

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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“…The first biosensor 113 was proposed to oxidize glucose to gluconic acid using an electrode to amperometrically detect the consumption of oxygen, since its consumption is proportional to glucose concentration. Glucose oxidation actually uses a prosthetic group (flavin adenine dinucleotide -FAD) to transfer the electrons from the substrate.…”

Section: Amperometric Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical sensors: a powerful tool in analytical chemistry

Stradiotto¹,

Yamanaka²,

Zanoni³

2003

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

334

154

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Sensores potenciométricos, amperométricos e condutométricos são sensores eletroquímicos com imensa aplicação nas áreas de meio ambiente, indústria e análises clínicas. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão generalizada dos aspectos fundamentais, os desenvolvimento e a contribuição destes sensores na área de química analítica, e reporta alguns aspectos relevantes dos avanços na área de sensores eletroquímicos no Brasil.Potentiometric, amperometric and conductometric electrochemical sensors have found a number of interesting applications in the areas of environmental, industrial, and clinical analyses. This review presents a general overview of the three main types of electrochemical sensors, describing fundamental aspects, developments and their contribution to the area of analytical chemistry, relating relevant aspects of the development of electrochemical sensors in Brazil.

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“…Lactose, maltose and saccharose are measured with respectively P-galactosidase, maltase and invertase coupled to glucose-oxidase. In 1967 an electrode incorporating an immobilized glucose-oxidase membrane was described by Updike and Hicks [7]. The method depending upon the measurement of a differential pOz was used by Haynes and Siegelman [8] on whole blood and by Notin et al [9] with a Clark oxygen electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%