The epidemiology of enterococci

Chenoweth, Carol E.; Schaberg, Dennis R.

doi:10.1007/bf01963631

Cited by 103 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Thus, enterococci may not be a good indicator of drinking water quality for untreated surface water sources compared with the protected sources studied by Moe and others. 19 In addition, in our own laboratory spiking experiments, enterococci were consistently absent from the feces of one person, 22 and in other studies of human populations enterococci were absent from both neonates and adults, 24 which is disconcerting, given that presence in human feces is a key requirement of indicator organisms. In a review of pathogen-indicator correlations in water samples, enterococci were the only indicators that were not significantly correlated with pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Rethinking Indicators of Microbial Drinking Water Quality for Health Studies in Tropical Developing Countries: Case Study in Northern Coastal Ecuador

Lévy

Nelson

Hubbard

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To address the problem of the health impacts of unsafe drinking water, methods are needed to assess microbiologic contamination in water. However, indicators of water quality have provided mixed results. We evaluate five assays (three for Escherichia coli and one each for enterococci and somatic coliphage) of microbial contamination in villages in rural Ecuador that rely mostly on untreated drinking water. Only membrane filtration for E. coli using mI agar detected a significant association with household diarrheal disease outcome (odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.65 in household containers and odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.37) in source samples. Our analysis and other published research points to the need for further consideration of study design factors, such as sample size and variability in measurements, when using indicator organisms, especially when relating water quality exposure to health outcomes. Although indicator organisms are used extensively in health studies, we argue that their use requires a full understanding of their purposes and limitations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Rethinking Indicators of Microbial Drinking Water Quality for Health Studies in Tropical Developing Countries: Case Study in Northern Coastal Ecuador

Lévy

Nelson

Hubbard

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In this study we identify E. faecalis and E. faecium species because they have been consistently shown to be the dominant Enterococcus species in human feces (Chenoweth & Schaberg 1990;Ruoff et al 1990;Gelsomino et al 2003),…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E. faecalis and E. faecium are potentially good focal species for such studies, as they have been consistently identified as the dominant Enterococcus spp. in human feces (Chenoweth & Schaberg 1990;Ruoff et al 1990;Gelsomino et al 2003) and sewage (Manero et al 2002). These bacteria have been widely used as indicators of water quality (US EPA 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological evaluation of fecal bacterial composition from surface water through aquifer sand material

Ibekwe

Lyon

2008

Journal of Water and Health

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When bacterial pathogens from livestock contaminate drinking water supplies, they can cause different forms of gastroenteritis. The objective of this study was to enumerate the concentrations of fecal indicator (Escherichia coli and enterococci) in surface water in order to determine removal efficiency by sand filtration. The concentrations of different indicator bacterial species were determined after running tertiary treated water through two tanks containing aquifer material. Enterococcus faecalis primers targeting the ddl gene and primers for Enterococcus faecium were used to identify the two species in the samples. A PCR assay based on the partial sequence of the b-D-glucoronidase gene (uidA) for specific detection and differentiation of E. coli populations was used to confirm the presence of E. coli after a biochemical test. The biochemical test overestimated the percentage of E. faecium in our samples, but the PCR assay with the ddl gene produced 100% specificity with Enterococcus faecalis. The biochemical test was 91.5% specific in identifying E. coli. The composition of indicator bacteria in Santa Ana River was dominated by intestinal microflora of humans and animals; filtration by aquifer sand material may reduce the transport of indicator bacteria from surface water to groundwater.

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“…It is a significant cause of nosocomial infections, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, and urinary tract and wound infections (20), being responsible for approximately 7% of all hospitalacquired bacteremias, with a mortality rate of between 30 and 68% (4,16,25). This organism is most frequently isolated from elderly patients with serious underlying medical conditions and the immunocompromised, with the origin of infection most commonly being the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract (22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of an Endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Activity Mediates Growth ofEnterococcus faecalison a High-Mannose-Type Glycoprotein

et al. 2000

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Enterococcus faecalis is associated with a high proportion of nosocomial infections; however, little is known of the ability of this organism to proliferate in vivo. The ability of RNase B, a model glycoprotein with a single N-glycosylation site occupied by a family of high-mannose-type glycans (Man 5 -to Man 9 -GlcNAc 2 ), to support growth of E. faecalis was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of RNase B demonstrated a reduction in the molecular mass of this glycoprotein during bacterial growth. Further analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry revealed that this mass shift was due to the degradation of all high-mannose-type glycoforms to a single N-linked Nacetylglucosamine residue. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography analysis during exponential growth demonstrated the presence of RNase B-derived glycans in the culture supernatant, indicating the presence of an endoglycosidase activity. The free glycans were eluted with the same retention times as those generated by the action of Streptomyces plicatus endo-␤-N-acetylglucosaminidase H on RNase B. The cleavage specificity was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis of the free glycans, which showed glycan species containing only one N-acetylglucosamine residue. No free glycans were detectable after 5 h of bacterial growth, and we have subsequently demonstrated the presence of mannosidase activity in E. faecalis, which releases free mannose from RNase B-derived glycans. We propose that this deglycosylation of glycoproteins containing high-mannose-type glycans and the subsequent degradation of the released glycans by E. faecalis may play a role in the survival and persistence of this nosocomial pathogen in vivo.

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The epidemiology of enterococci

Cited by 103 publications

References 100 publications

Rethinking Indicators of Microbial Drinking Water Quality for Health Studies in Tropical Developing Countries: Case Study in Northern Coastal Ecuador

Rethinking Indicators of Microbial Drinking Water Quality for Health Studies in Tropical Developing Countries: Case Study in Northern Coastal Ecuador

Microbiological evaluation of fecal bacterial composition from surface water through aquifer sand material

Production of an Endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Activity Mediates Growth ofEnterococcus faecalison a High-Mannose-Type Glycoprotein

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