The Epidemiology of Influenza

Frost, W. H.

doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610310007003

Cited by 44 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Thus, the A/H1N1 influenza viruses that emerged in 1918, 1977, and 2009 demonstrated a high capacity for transmissibility among humans. The 1918 H1N1 viruses caused high frequencies of severe influenza, a pattern also seen for the A/H2N2 and A/H3N2 virus pandemics [28][29][30][31][32]. However, this was not clear for the As determined by serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses to 2009 H1N1 virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults

Couch¹,

Atmar²,

Franco³

et al. 2011

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults

Couch¹,

Atmar²,

Franco³

et al. 2011

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…For example, in December 1918, a house-to-house survey of 112 958 people in eight locations throughout the USA found that approximately 28% were aff ected by infl uenza and approximately 30% of associated pneumonias were fatal. 53 Between September 23 and October 29, in Chicago, more than 2000 patients were hospitalised for infl uenza at Cook County hospital-nearly one-third of them died. Most fatalities were among young adults between 25 and 35 years old.…”

Section: Historical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness

Brundage¹

2006

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

351

301

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It is commonly believed that the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the next influenza pandemic will mimic those of the 1918 pandemic. Determinative beliefs regarding the 1918 pandemic include that infections were expressed as primary viral pneumonias and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome, that pandemic-related deaths were the end states of the natural progression of disease caused by the pandemic strain, and that bacterial superinfections caused relatively fewer deaths in 1918 than in subsequent pandemics. In turn, response plans are focused on developing and/or increasing inventories of a strain-specific vaccine, antivirals, intensive care beds, mechanical ventilators, and so on. Yet, there is strong and consistent evidence of epidemiologically and clinically important interactions between influenza and secondary bacterial respiratory pathogens, including during the 1918 pandemic. Countermeasures (eg, vaccination against pneumococcal and meningococcal disease before a pandemic; mass uses of antibiotic(s) with broad spectrums of activity against common bacterial respiratory pathogens during local epidemics) designed to prevent or mitigate the effects of influenza-bacterial interactions should be major focuses of pandemic-related research, prevention, and response planning.

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“…At the end of the 1918͞1919 season, an epidemiological study suggested that this early precursor wave had caused epidemic mortality in Atlantic seaboard cities before central and western U.S. cities (10). A limited collection of eyewitness case and outbreak reports, however, led to the consensus view that the pandemic emerged in a mild wave in the spring of 1918 from an isolated rural region in the central United States (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City

Olson

Simonsen

Edelson

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

233

278

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The 1918 ''Spanish flu'' was the fastest spreading and most deadly influenza pandemic in recorded history. Hypotheses of its origin have been based on a limited collection of case and outbreak reports from before its recognized European emergence in the summer of 1918. These anecdotal accounts, however, remain insufficient for determining the early diffusion and impact of the pandemic virus. Using routinely collected monthly age-stratified mortality data, we show that an unmistakable shift in the age distribution of epidemic deaths occurred during the 1917͞1918 influenza season in New York City. The timing, magnitude, and age distribution of this mortality shift provide strong evidence that an early wave of the pandemic virus was present in New York City during February-April 1918.age-specific mortality ͉ epidemic ͉ herald wave ͉ Spanish flu

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The Epidemiology of Influenza

Cited by 44 publications

References 3 publications

Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults

Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults

Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness

Epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City

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