The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Boyle, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76278-9_2

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Recent reports from one of these groups have shown tomato sauce consumption to be protective against advanced and fatal prostate cancer (27,36). Although it is likely that the effect of nutritional and dietary factors is mediated by hormones and other growth factors, it is also possible that genetic polymorphisms play a role in the development of an aggressive phenotype (27,37). Acknowledging the likelihood of substantial race differences in selected nutritional factors, and possibly the prevalence of selected genetic polymorphisms, we were not able to explore these pathways because neither dietary data nor blood samples were collected in this investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining the Race Difference in Prostate Cancer Stage at Diagnosis

Jones

Araujo

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in males in the United States, accounting for an estimated 186,320 new cases in 2008. There are striking racial or ethnic differences in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States, with Black males 1.6 times more likely to be diagnosed and 2.4 times more likely to die with prostate cancer than Whites. Stage at diagnosis is a key prognostic factor for prostate cancer survival, with African-Americans generally diagnosed at a more advanced stage. To identify factors that explain the race-stage disparity in prostate cancer, we conducted a population-based casecase study of 251 African-American (46%) and White (54%) prostate cancer cases diagnosed in Connecticut between January 1987 and October 1990. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify potential explanatory factors, including clinical, sociodemographic, medical care, insurance, digital rectal examination screening history, and lifestyle factors. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the impact of study variables on race differences in long-term survival. Modifiable factors such as screening practice and sociodemographic factors accounted for >60% of the race difference in prostate cancer stage at diagnosis. Histologic grade (Gleason score) accounted for comparatively less. Survival analyses confirmed the importance of tumor characteristics, education, and insurance in explaining observed race differences in survival. Although cases were identified before the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, the results should also be relevant to countries that have large underserved populations and/or disparities in access to medical care and cancer screening. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2825 -34)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining the Race Difference in Prostate Cancer Stage at Diagnosis

Jones

Araujo

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…There are remarkable differences in incidence of prostate cancer among races. Surveys have shown that, it is uncommon among Asians and very common among blacks, with Americans and Europeans occupying the middle level in terms of prevalence [3,4]. The incidence of prostate cancer in Nigerian is on the increase and has become the number one cancer in men, constituting 11 % of all male cancers [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Testosterone, 17β-Estradiol and PSA Levels in Subjects with Prostate Disorders

et al. 2014

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Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death as a result of cancer in men in the US and other parts of the world. There are conflicting reports on the serum levels of testosterone and 17b-estradiol (E 2 ) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the serum concentrations of these hormones in patients with these disorders. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone and estradiol were determined in 228 subjects comprising of 116 subjects with BPH, 62 subjects with prostate cancer (CaP) and 50 agematched apparently healthy controls, using ELISA methods. PSA levels were significantly elevated (p \ 0.05) in BPH subjects than controls, while there was no significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone and estradiol levels of these subjects. PSA and estradiol levels were significantly higher (p \ 0.05) in CaP subjects than in controls, while there was no observed significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone levels. CaP subjects had significantly raised PSA, testosterone, and estradiol levels than BPH subjects. The mean molar ratio of testosterone: E 2 was lowest among CaP patients (134:1) and highest among controls (166:1). Significant positive correlation between PSA and 17b-estradiol was observed in prostate disorders (BPH and CaP patients: r = 0.347; p = 0.000). Significant negative correlations between testosterone and PSA were also observed among BPH patients (r = -0.221, p = 0.049) and control subjects (r = -0.490, p = 0.000). No significant correlation existed between testosterone and PSA in CaP patients (r = 0.051, p = 0.693). Correlations between age and estradiol in both BPH and CaP were not significant (p [ 0.05). This study has shown that, there was a significant increase in serum estradiol in CaP subjects, while the testosterone levels in both BPH and CaP subjects were not different from those of controls.

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“…In contrast, males of African descent in the Caribbean region have the highest prostate cancer mortality rates in the world, which is thought to reflect partly difference in genetic susceptibility (CA, 2011). A general pattern of rising incidence is seen in most countries (Muir et al, 1991;Boyle et al, 2003;Bioteach, 2005) Monitoring annual incidence trends in population subgroups provide useful information about environmental and socioeconomic influences and help to provide better screening practice, early detection and more successful treatment. Aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence for prostate cancer in the region of Epirus, northwest Greece …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%