The episodic flanker effect: Memory retrieval as attention turned inward.

Logan, Gordon D.; Cox, Gregory E.; Annis, Jeffrey; Lindsey, Dakota R. B.

doi:10.1037/rev0000272

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, Reder and colleagues (e.g., Miner & Reder, 1994;Nhouyvanisvong & Reder, 1998;Reder, 1987Reder, , 1988Reder & Ritter, 1992) proposed that the retrieval effort toward searching for an answer to a question is initially launched in the first place by a fast-acting feeling of knowing an answer. This notion fits with the view that memory retrieval mechanisms are essentially attentional mechanisms that are directed inward instead of outward (e.g., Logan et al, 2021;Long et al, 2018), insofar as it suggests a mechanism by which attention might be directed inward to begin a memory search. Although the mechanism was not specifically proposed to account for TOTs, it is possible that something similar takes place in the general knowledge question paradigm used to study TOTs, including in the present study.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 80%

On the relationship between tip-of-the-tongue states and partial recollective experience: Illusory partial recollective access during tip-of-the-tongue states.

Huebert¹,

McNeely-White²,

Cleary³

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Most people have experienced the sensation of having a word on the tip of the tongue. A common assumption is that a major driving force underlying the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is conscious partial recollective access to some of the unretrieved word’s attributes, such as its first letter. In the present study, under free-report conditions, participants provided more partial recollection responses during TOTs than non-TOTs without being more accurate among their provided responses. Under forced-guessing conditions in which participants needed to guess at the unidentified target word’s first letter, participants exhibited false partial recollective experience during TOTs. This was shown by a strong tendency during TOTs to indicate that they knew the first letter, when in actuality, they were wrong in their first-letter guess. An additional experiment showed illusory partial recollection of a contextual detail during TOTs relative to non-TOTs. The full pattern of results portrays an alternative possible theoretical relationship between TOT states and subjective partial recollective experience.

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Section: Theoretical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 80%

On the relationship between tip-of-the-tongue states and partial recollective experience: Illusory partial recollective access during tip-of-the-tongue states.

Huebert¹,

McNeely-White²,

Cleary³

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…We will show that retrieved context theories afford three different strategies for position coding. We derive our results from the context retrieval and updating ( CRU ) theory (Logan, 2018, 2021; Logan et al, 2021), which is a special case of the temporal context model ( TCM ; Howard & Kahana, 2002), which is the basis of modern retrieved context models (Lohnas et al, 2015; Polyn et al, 2009; Sederberg et al, 2008; Talmi et al, 2019). CRU uses the same context updating process as TCM but simplifies the context representations and learning rules 1 .…”

Section: Position Codes In Prominent Position Coding Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together, the fits suggest that start and end decay are approximately equal, which is consistent with the position codes derived from CRU’s stored contexts (Equations 11 and 12). Unequal decay rates may be explained by variability in the rate of context drift across the list (a mechanism that has been implemented in CRU; Logan, 2021; Logan et al, 2021).…”

Section: Position Codes In Prominent Position Coding Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial memory: Putting chains and position codes in context.

Logan¹,

Cox²

2021

Psychological Review

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From the beginning of research on serial memory, chaining theories and position coding theories have been pitted against each other. The central question is whether items are associated with each other or with a set of position codes that are independent of the items. Around the turn of this century, the debate focused on serial recall tasks and patterns of error data that chaining models could not accommodate. Consequently, theories based on other ideas flourished and position coding models became prominent. We present an analysis of a retrieved context model that integrates chains and position codes. Under some parameter values, it produces classic chains. Under most parameter values, it produces context representations that contain information sufficient to specify the position codes in position coding theories. We suggest three ways to extract position codes from context representations and show the codes they produce are mathematically equivalent to the codes in position coding models. The extracted position codes can be substituted for the position codes in position coding models and run through their machinery to mimic their predictions exactly. We suggest that chains, position codes, and retrieved contexts may reflect different strategies for extracting desired information from a common set of memory representations, and we emphasize the value of considering item-dependent context representations that are made from fading traces of past items encoded or retrieved.

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“…The trade-offs in energetic resources between different tasks is a long-standing topic in basic and applied research (e.g., [ 27 , 40 ]). Internal attention, such as turning attention into one’s memory, is becoming a distinct research topic (e.g., [ 41 , 42 ]). Unconscious problem solving is a growing area of research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attention-setting also interacts with long-term memory, by setting up cues broadcast to memory (e.g., [ 54 ]). In fact, memory retrieval can be viewed as attention-setting turned inward [ 42 ]. Third, attention-setting is initially critical for developing implicit memory skills such as driving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Setting and Human Mental Function

Sanocki

Lee

2022

J. Imaging

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This article provides an introduction to experimental research on top-down human attention in complex scenes, written for cognitive scientists in general. We emphasize the major effects of goals and intention on mental function, measured with behavioral experiments. We describe top-down attention as an open category of mental actions that initiates particular task sets, which are assembled from a wide range of mental processes. We call this attention-setting. Experiments on visual search, task switching, and temporal attention are described and extended to the important human time scale of seconds.

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The episodic flanker effect: Memory retrieval as attention turned inward.

Cited by 25 publications

References 150 publications

On the relationship between tip-of-the-tongue states and partial recollective experience: Illusory partial recollective access during tip-of-the-tongue states.

On the relationship between tip-of-the-tongue states and partial recollective experience: Illusory partial recollective access during tip-of-the-tongue states.

Serial memory: Putting chains and position codes in context.

Attention-Setting and Human Mental Function

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