The Epoxidized Vietnam Rubber Seed Oil as a Secondary Plasticizer/Thermal Stabilizer in PVC Processing

Abstract

The epoxidized rubber seed oil (EeRSO) was a mixture of epoxidized triglyceride, and epoxidized methyl ester of free fatty acids was used as a secondary plasticizer for PVC. An increase in tensile properties was observed by substituting the 10 phr DOP plasticizer with the EeRSO in PVC formulation. A leaching test was performed in five media to evaluate the plasticizing effect. The sample weight increased slightly after soaking in water and 30 wt.% acetic solution, decreased slightly in 10 wt.% KOH solution, and reduced sharply and strongly in sunflower oil and n-hexane. The 10 phr EeRSO in PVC formulation has presented an improvement in migration, volatilization characteristics, and thermal property of PVC. After 72 hours of soaking in n-hexane, the shore A hardness of the EeRSO plasticized PVC sample increased by 14.5% while the PVC sample without EeRSO was blistered and its shore A hardness could not be measured. This was the clearest evidence for the positive effect of EeRSO as a secondary plasticizer. The morphology of the fractured surface of the samples after immersing in n-hexane was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the role of EeRSO in significant improvement in thermal stability. In general, EeRSO not only acts as a primary plasticizer to improve the migration, extraction, and volatilization characteristics but also contributes to the thermal stability of PVC.

Synthesis and application of sustainable vegetable oil-based polymers in 3D printing

“…90 Similarly, in different studies, epoxidized rubber seed oil was found to act as a primary plasticizer for PVC to improve its migration, extraction, and volatilization characteristics and contribute to its thermal stability. 91 Additionally, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in eco-friendly plasticizers that work well with different materials, which fits the worldwide move towards biodegradable polymers. 92 Although phthalate esters are widely used, they are harmful to human health, and thus it is essential to find alternative options.…”

Assessments of classical dry-blending/moulding and solution casting PVC plasticization effectiveness – a comparative study

“…While monitoring the weight changes of a sample soaked in different liquids, there are two possible observations: a) weight increase when small molecules of the liquid diffuse into the polymer matrix, and b) weight reduction when some additives (in this case plasticizer) are extracted from the sample. These two phenomena can occur simultaneously or separately 49 . When using n-hexane in migration studies, the extraction of plasticizer dominates, so the sample weight decreases 50,51 .…”

Preparing epoxidized vegetable oil from waste generated by the kapok fiber industry and assessing its thermal stabilization effect as a co-stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride

“…However, their effectiveness is still mild, so a co-stabilizer (secondary thermal stabilizer) is needed to increase their efficacy [ 28 ]. Epoxidized vegetable oil, prepared by epoxidizing the unsaturated part of vegetable oil, is one of the most popular groups of co-stabilizers [ 29 ]. The commonly used epoxidized vegetable oil in the PVC industry is epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) [ 30 ].…”

“…The commonly used epoxidized vegetable oil in the PVC industry is epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) [ 30 ]. Other vegetable oils, such as sunflower oil [ [31] , [32] , [33] ], rubber seed oil [ 29 , 34 ], and silkworm pupae oil [ 35 ] have also been studied in epoxidized forms to stabilize PVC. KSO contains a large amount of unsaturated fraction, making it very promising for use as a raw material for producing epoxy-based co-stabilizers.…”