The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions

Cao, Bin; Gruber, Stephan; Zheng, Donghai; Li, Xiaoqiong

doi:10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020

Cited by 121 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…While, in wider terms, we recommend the use of ERA5-Land fields over ERA5 for all types of land applications, one should factor in their choice elements such as available computer and data handling resources, importance of spatial resolution versus data volume, area of application, temporal consistency, etc. With the public release of ERA5-Land, research and development have already shown some caveats of the dataset, such as the treatment of soil temperature in permafrost regions (Cao et al, 2020). Further studies comparing with alternative well-referenced sites, as well as with regional and global datasets is encouraged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications

Muñoz‐Sabater¹,

Dutra

Agustı́-Panareda

et al. 2021

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

1,881

701

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Abstract. Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), hereafter referred to as ERA5-Land. Once completed, the period covered will span from 1950 to the present, with continuous updates to support land monitoring applications. ERA5-Land describes the evolution of the water and energy cycles over land in a consistent manner over the production period, which, among others, could be used to analyse trends and anomalies. This is achieved through global high-resolution numerical integrations of the ECMWF land surface model driven by the downscaled meteorological forcing from the ERA5 climate reanalysis, including an elevation correction for the thermodynamic near-surface state. ERA5-Land shares with ERA5 most of the parameterizations that guarantees the use of the state-of-the-art land surface modelling applied to numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A main advantage of ERA5-Land compared to ERA5 and the older ERA-Interim is the horizontal resolution, which is enhanced globally to 9 km compared to 31 km (ERA5) or 80 km (ERA-Interim), whereas the temporal resolution is hourly as in ERA5. Evaluation against independent in situ observations and global model or satellite-based reference datasets shows the added value of ERA5-Land in the description of the hydrological cycle, in particular with enhanced soil moisture and lake description, and an overall better agreement of river discharge estimations with available observations. However, ERA5-Land snow depth fields present a mixed performance when compared to those of ERA5, depending on geographical location and altitude. The description of the energy cycle shows comparable results with ERA5. Nevertheless, ERA5-Land reduces the global averaged root mean square error of the skin temperature, taking as reference MODIS data, mainly due to the contribution of coastal points where spatial resolution is important. Since January 2020, the ERA5-Land period available has extended from January 1981 to the near present, with a 2- to 3-month delay with respect to real time. The segment prior to 1981 is in production, aiming for a release of the whole dataset in summer/autumn 2021. The high spatial and temporal resolution of ERA5-Land, its extended period, and the consistency of the fields produced makes it a valuable dataset to support hydrological studies, to initialize NWP and climate models, and to support diverse applications dealing with water resource, land, and environmental management. The full ERA5-Land hourly (Muñoz-Sabater, 2019a) and monthly (Muñoz-Sabater, 2019b) averaged datasets presented in this paper are available through the C3S Climate Data Store at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac and https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• (5600 m at the Equator) latitudelongitude climate modelling grid (CMG), for day and night overpasses Chen et al (2017). recommended the use of the MODIS LST average ensemble (i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications

Muñoz‐Sabater¹,

Dutra

Agustı́-Panareda

et al. 2021

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

1,881

701

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“…ERA5-Land is still a new data set, and the few studies that have already documented some aspects of its performance (e.g. Cao et al, 2020;Pelosi et al, 2020) have not focused on northern Europe. In Fig.…”

Section: Era5-landmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow conditions in northern Europe: the dynamics of interannual variability versus projected long-term change

Räisänen

2021

The Cryosphere

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Abstract. Simulations by the EURO-CORDEX (European branch of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) regional climate models indicate a widespread future decrease in snow water equivalent (SWE) in northern Europe. This concurs with the negative interannual correlation between SWE and winter temperature in the southern parts of the domain but not with the positive correlation observed further north and over the Scandinavian mountains. To better understand these similarities and differences, interannual variations and projected future changes in SWE are attributed to anomalies or changes in three factors: total precipitation, the snowfall fraction of precipitation and the fraction of accumulated snowfall that remains on the ground (the snow-on-ground fraction). In areas with relatively mild winter climate, the latter two terms govern both the long-term change and interannual variability, resulting in less snow with higher temperatures. In colder areas, however, interannual SWE variability is dominated by variations in total precipitation. Since total precipitation is positively correlated with temperature, more snow tends to accumulate in milder winters. Still, even in these areas, SWE is projected to decrease in the future due to the reduced snowfall and snow-on-ground fractions in response to higher temperatures. Although winter total precipitation is projected to increase, its increase is smaller than would be expected from the interannual covariation of temperature and precipitation and is therefore insufficient to compensate the lower snowfall and snow-on-ground fractions. Furthermore, interannual SWE variability in northern Europe in the simulated warmer future climate is increasingly governed by variations in the snowfall and snow-on-ground fractions and less by variations in total precipitation.

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“…Thus, there are remaining uncertainties in temperature changes on the Tibetan Plateau. Given the Tibetan cryosphere's sensitivity to climate warming including frozen ground, accurate temperature records are crucial for gauging, for example, permafrost area extent decreases (Guo & Wang, 2013, active layer deepening (Peng et al, 2018), soil freeze depth decreases (Peng et al, 2017), the general decline in area extent of frozen ground (Guo & Wang, 2016), and soil temperature increases (Cao et al, 2020). been created at the global or regional scale, which have laid a solid foundation for an improved understanding of the overall changes in surface air temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%