The ERN as a neural index of changes in performance monitoring following attention training in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

Non-invasive brain stimulation modulates neural correlates of performance monitoring in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

“…To date, only few studies directly targeted overactive error monitoring in OCD. Experimental manipulations such as dual-task demands ( Klawohn et al, 2016 ) or training procedures such as attentional bias modification ( Klawohn et al, 2020a , Tan et al, 2021 ) have been found to temporarily reduce the ERN in patients with OCD. It is an open question, however, whether such approaches have the potential to induce long-lasting effects.…”

“…Previous research has shown that the ERN can be modulated in individuals with OCD by experimental manipulations, at least on a short-term basis. Specifically, limiting cognitive resources by dual-task demands and reallocating attention by cognitive training procedures such as attentional bias modification have been shown to temporarily attenuate the ERN in adults ( Klawohn et al, 2016 , Klawohn et al, 2020a ) and adolescents ( Tan et al, 2021 ) with OCD, whereas symptom provocation and social responsibility contexts have been found to increase the ERN in patients with OCD ( Roh et al, 2017 ) and individuals with OCD symptoms ( Jansen & de Bruijn, 2020 ). In contrast, other experimental manipulations, such as monetary punishment of errors ( Endrass et al, 2010 ) or task instructions emphasizing accuracy over speed ( Riesel et al, 2019a ), have failed to effectively modulate the ERN in patients with OCD, suggesting that in OCD, adaptability of error-related neural activity to situational demands is limited.…”

On the relationship between the error‐related negativity and anxiety in children and adolescents: From a neural marker to a novel target for intervention

“…There is some evidence that the ERN can be modified by approaches other than CBT. For example, transcranial direct current stimulation (i.e., tDCS; Reinhart & Woodman, 2014), attention bias modification in healthy adults (Nelson et al, 2015, 2017) as well as in adults and children with OCD (Klawohn, Hajcak, et al, 2020; Tan et al, 2021), and expressive writing (Schroder et al, 2018) have all been shown to impact the ERN in the short term (however, see: Carlson et al, 2021). However, none of these approaches directly target the psychological constructs linked to a potentiated ERN (e.g., error sensitivity)—and thereby may not impact anxiety.…”

Multiple Adaptive Attention-Bias-Modification Programs to Alter Normative Increase in the Error-Related Negativity in Adolescents

“…Several researchers have examined the effect of attention-bias modification (ABM) on the ERN (Carlson et al, 2021;Klawohn et al, 2020;Nelson et al, 2015Nelson et al, , 2017Tan et al, 2021). ABM is a computerized intervention that trains attention away from negative stimuli and targets a core mechanism of dysfunction in anxiety (i.e., attention bias toward threat; Mathews & MacLeod, 2005).…”

“…However, neither group experienced a significant change in anxiety symptoms or any ERP measures. Tan et al (2021) investigated the degree to which attention-bias (ABM) training modulated the ERN and symptom change in 36 youths with OCD ages 8 to 17. Participants completed either a 12-session computerized ABM program or an attentional control protocol (CON) over the course of 4 weeks.…”