The Essential Oil of Hops a Review

Sharpe, F. R.; Laws, D. R. J.

doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1981.tb03996.x

Cited by 90 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Hop cultivars differ in their secondary metabolite profiles, in terms of the presence, amount and relative proportions of these compounds. As such, different hop cultivars produce different levels of bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas [17,18]. Hop plants are perennial, wind-pollinated climbers, cultivated on strings suspended from a trellis [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetic parameters for yield, plant growth and cone chemical traits in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMost traits targeted in the genetic improvement of hop are quantitative in nature. Improvement based on selection of these traits requires a comprehensive understanding of their inheritance. This study estimated quantitative genetic parameters for 20 traits related to three key objectives for the genetic improvement of hop: cone chemistry, cone yield and agronomic characteristics.ResultsSignificant heritable genetic variation was identified for α-acid and β-acid, as well as their components and relative proportions. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability for these traits (h 2 = 0.15 to 0.29) were lower than those reported in previous hop studies, but were based on a broader suite of families (108 from European, North American and hybrid origins). Narrow-sense heritabilities are reported for hop growth traits for the first time (h 2 = 0.04 to 0.20), relating to important agronomic characteristics such as emergence, height and lateral morphology. Cone chemistry and growth traits were significantly genetically correlated, such that families with more vigorous vegetative growth were associated with lower α-acid and β-acid levels. This trend may reflect the underlying population structure of founder genotypes (European and North American origins) as well as past selection in the Australian environment. Although male and female hop plants are thought to be indistinguishable until flowering, sex was found to influence variation in many growth traits, with male and female plants displaying differences in vegetative morphology from emergence to cone maturity.ConclusionsThis study reveals important insights into the genetic control of quantitative hop traits. The information gained will provide hop breeders with a greater understanding of the additive genetic factors which affect selection of cone chemistry, yield and agronomic characteristics in hop, aiding in the future development of improved cultivars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetic parameters for yield, plant growth and cone chemical traits in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

et al. 2014

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“…There is evidence to show that the lupulin glands may also be involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites [56]. In hop, differences in secondary metabolite composition are genotype-specific, with different cultivars having characteristic secondary metabolite profiles and subsequently unique bittering potentials and distinct flavour profiles [57,58]. Chemical profiles also vary with the maturation of the hop cone [59,60] and the effects of environmental stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHop (Humulus lupulus L.) is cultivated for its cones, the secondary metabolites of which contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to beer. Molecular breeding methods, such as marker assisted selection (MAS), have great potential for improving the efficiency of hop breeding. The success of MAS is reliant on the identification of reliable marker-trait associations. This study used quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify marker-trait associations for hop, focusing on traits related to expediting plant sex identification, increasing yield capacity and improving bittering, flavour and aroma chemistry.ResultsQTL analysis was performed on two new linkage maps incorporating transferable Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. Sixty-three QTL were identified, influencing 36 of the 50 traits examined. A putative sex-linked marker was validated in a different pedigree, confirming the potential of this marker as a screening tool in hop breeding programs. An ontogenetically stable QTL was identified for the yield trait dry cone weight; and a QTL was identified for essential oil content, which verified the genetic basis for variation in secondary metabolite accumulation in hop cones. A total of 60 QTL were identified for 33 secondary metabolite traits. Of these, 51 were pleiotropic/linked, affecting a substantial number of secondary metabolites; nine were specific to individual secondary metabolites.ConclusionsPleiotropy and linkage, found for the first time to influence multiple hop secondary metabolites, have important implications for molecular selection methods. The selection of particular secondary metabolite profiles using pleiotropic/linked QTL will be challenging because of the difficulty of selecting for specific traits without adversely changing others. QTL specific to individual secondary metabolites, however, offer unequalled value to selection programs. In addition to their potential for selection, the QTL identified in this study advance our understanding of the genetic control of traits of current economic and breeding significance in hop and demonstrate the complex genetic architecture underlying variation in these traits. The linkage information obtained in this study, based on transferable markers, can be used to facilitate the validation of QTL, crucial to the success of MAS.

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“…Linalool has also been shown to be an important contributor to the`¯oral' aroma of hops (Stucky and McDaniel, 1997). Whilst other terpenoids such as a-humulene, b-caryophyllene, b-myrcene and farnescene are much more abundant in the essential oil of hops (Sharpe and Laws, 1981), the relative solubility of the monoterpene alcohols favours their presence in the ®nal product (beer).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols bySaccharomyces cerevisiae,Torulaspora delbrueckii andKluyveromyces lactis

King

Dickinson

2000

Yeast

208

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The Essential Oil of Hops a Review

Abstract: The composition of essential oil of hops is reviewed and the nature of hop oil components which survive into wort and beer is discussed. Methods which are available to the brewer for imparting hop character to beer are critically evaluated.

Cited by 90 publications

References 112 publications

Quantitative genetic parameters for yield, plant growth and cone chemical traits in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Quantitative genetic parameters for yield, plant growth and cone chemical traits in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols bySaccharomyces cerevisiae,Torulaspora delbrueckii andKluyveromyces lactis

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